Using Pneumatic And Hydraulic System Engineering Essay

Using Pneumatic And Hydraulic System locomotive railway locomotiveering probeAutomation is the integration of robotlike, computer electronic based activities the control of manufacturing helpes in the field of fruit. Different techniques of mechanization argon carried using pneumatic, hydraulic carcass, cam helper computer dodge.In this project of automation of withdraw cleaning summons, I have selected and implemented the pneumatic technique of automation. For automation, I have designed manufactured nisus b small-scaleing utensil, which is operated with the help of pneumatic system controlled by PLC. In this mechanism the DLL nose is run over the guide way fix by pneumatic cylinder. Then the stock pressure of 5 exclude is supplied to the tip of owl by dint of with(predicate) jet which cleans the burr form olfactory organ swelling turn back. I assembled air blowing simple machine with pneumatic cylinders for clamping, unclamping, supporting individualiz ing purpose, law of proximity sensor another(prenominal) unavoidable components.In this automation of air blowing machine I studied different types of machining processes, pneumatic system, and PLC system. later automation of air blowing machine the working adjudicate on operator is reduced the production rate is subs sunburntially increased with improvement in quality of burr cleaning process.Chapter 1 IntroductionThis project identifies and describes the automation process use to clean and deburr the hooter which is give in raise slam system, through the working of childs play blowing machine. Air blowing machine uses different concepts of automation such(prenominal) as pneumatic, hydraulics, cam-follower etc. The pregnant use of this machine is to control manufacturing process in production.1.1.BackgroundNozzle is one of the vital component in each open fire injection system which is attached to the sch owl holder. It is integral and in-chief(postnominal) part of an injector which regulates the ply of give notice to the ultimate ignition compartment.. According to Sean bennet all diesel railway locomotives (DI) are instanter injected. The fuel is injected into the cylinder straight off above the piston. Atomization is necessary for the injected fuel. Atomization of the fuel requires breaking it up into in truth small liquid droplets. These droplets are turnd by forcing very amply in senior high spirits-pressure fuel through minutely sized possibilitys or holes. The littler the droplets, the faster it lead vaporize and ignite when it is propelled into the locomotive cylinder. The size of droplets that exits the injector dep eradicates on following factors Size of Orifice The diameter of the hatchway determines the size and period of time of in the system. It does not change after it has been manufactured.Pressure Injection nubs manages the pressure in nozzles. The higher(prenominal) the pressure, the smaller the droplets ex iting the nozzle.The means to inject the fuel into the cylinder is an injector nozzle. Injector are further subdivided in two types with respect of an electronically controlled meat and injector components Multiple-orifice hydraulics nozzles.Electrohydraulic nozzles.Injector nozzles are mostly employ in diesel motor locomotive engines, devil dog engines, locomotives and automobile industrial equipments .The main function of nozzle is to convert the diesel into diesel vapours and spray it on the piston. Injector nozzles are widely utilize in American tanks. public figureure 1.1 External view of injector/orifii nozzle(Courtesy of Robert Bosch GmbH,www.bosch-presse.de)The main users of nozzles are Nissan, Mitsubishi while Bosch is one of the leading manufacturers of these nozzles .Manufacturing process of this nozzle is carried through several(prenominal) actions after case hardening. These works are drilling, abrasion and immobilise of the orifice. After the compete process o f pinning, it is found that some coat components and burr is stay oned at the orfii. In devote to eliminate this particle nozzle testing machine is required to test the nozzle.1.2 Issue Air blowing operation is carried by an operator with the help of cylinder or jet directly attached to compressed air supply. To serve this purpose operator clamps the social unit tray full of nozzles and then he reverse it. This gives more fatigue and emphasise to the operator because of its heavy weight. Then jet is placed on the puffiness end of nozzle and part gets clean. One part is been cleaned at a time.Furthermore, since inside of the nozzle body function as passage to the fuel ,if any chip or burr generated in cutting process remain on the nozzle body, it enters into the contact surface of the valve element and causes go bad and fuel spillage of the valve element, which result into the loss of product reliability.The aim of the working class is to make air blowing operation which is make after pinning to accept burr present inside the nozzle automatic and reliable, so the stress on operator is reduced with control manufacturing system.1.3. Objectives The main objectives of the project are stated as followsTo study and implement the pneumatic technique of automation for the successful working of the machine.To design and die Air blowing machine which will be used in manufacturing and cleaning process of nozzle present in the fuel injection system.After the Research of Diesel Engine from Books and internet it is found that nozzle is one of the important part in fuel injection system. Nozzle development led to study the manufacturing processes of nozzle. Bosch ships company are the leading producers and patent of the diesel engine stated by Rudolf Diesel. In the general manufacturing process of nozzle after the case hardening, drilling, ball- craunch and pinning are important operation for the processing of the nozzle. However it is found show up that during this operation burr or free metal particle gets stack away inside the nozzle body.Introduction of Air blowing machine To accept this burr or free metal particle Air blowing machine is introduced for the change performance of the nozzle.Draft see and 3d modelIn order to build a successful Air blowing machine, design is very important to generate the safe and working model. Selection of materials, shape, parameters is the important factors to develop a 3D model of machine. Softwares like solid works, CES and some hand computation is useful for the correct and accurate 3D draft design.Analysis and Results After the complete design process of the machine the next and important pose is the mechatronic analysis. Pneuamatic and Electronics (PLC circuit ) techniques are used for the successful and automatic working of the machine. If these techniques are successful then go to the next stage or else go back and recheck the 3D model again. After the analysis, results indicates the fina l consequence for the actions of the work. verification of results gives the reality check of the project. If the validation is true then follow the next stage and conclude the project with the useful recommendations.Chapter three Literature freshen3.1 Patent and Research Bosch group is one of the leading manufacturers of these nozzles and equipment for motor vehicle.In early as 1863, the Frenchman Etienne Lenoir had tested and driven a vehicle which was powered by a gas engine which he had developed. However, this vehicle turn up insufficient for installing in and driving. It was not until Nikolaus August Ottos four-stroke engine with magnetoelectric machine ignition that operation with liquid fuel and in that locationby mobile exercise were made possible. still the efficiency of these engines was low. Rudolf Diesel then developed an engine with practically higher efficiency and to pursue his idea through higher efficiency and to pursue his idea through manufacturing.In 18 97, in cooperation with Machinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg ,Rudol Diesel built the depression working prototype of a blaze engine to be run on inexpensive fuel oil. However imputable to heavy weight of the engine, it wasw not considered for use in land vehicle. But with further improvements in fuel injecton and mixture formation, Diesels innovation caught on and there were no longer any viable alternatives for marine and fixed-installation engines.(Adopted from Robert Bosch Gmbh, DIESEL-Engine Management by Wiley 4t edition et al 2005)In 1886,Robert Bosch (1861-1942), introduced a workshop for electrical and mechanical engineers in Stuttgart, Germany. Later on in 1897 Bosch opened ignition system in gasoline engines. In 1922,Robert Bosch turned his attention to diesel engine and because started manufacturing accessory parts such as nozzles and fuel injection pumps. Rudolf diesel precious to inject the fuel directly earlier in the system, but was unable to do this because of unavail ability of the nozzles and fuel-injection pumps. In contrary these pumps were used in compressed-air injection, had to be suitable for back pressure reactions of up to several different atmospheres. Nozzles had to have quite fine outlet openings because the task fell upon the pump and nozzle is increased to atomize the fuel. Hence in 1922 Bosch wanted to develop the nozzles and fuel-injection pumps that fulfils the requirement of all the heavy-oil low power engines with direct fuel injection.3.2 Development of the system The demand of fuel injection equipment on such that it should be a capable of injecting even small amounts of fuel with lonesome(prenominal) quite small differences, so that it should facilitate more smoother and eternal at low idle speeds. The performance of this system depends highly on injection pressure which should be average or above light speed bar. The operating hours of the pump was over 2000 according to Bosch. Hence the need to develop the related equi pments had grown immensely with application of materials and production engineering. In 1925, Bosch joined hands with Acro AG to utilize the Acro patents on a diesel engine system with related injected equipments(nozzle). Acro injection properties did not matched, Boschs own test system but it offered diesel engine which was suitable for small cylinder units and high speeds and this led Bosch to develop nozzle and fuel injection pump. Sooner the first diesel fuel-injection pump by Bosch was producedNozzle were developed parallel to pump development. Hole type nozzle were added later after the introduction of pintle nozzle. The nozzle were adapted with their process and size. Engineering manufacturers also wanted a nozzle which could be used in spark plug on a gasoline engine.3.3 Expert View 3.4 Scope of improvementDiesel fuel injection has greater degree of features in world of technology. The phonograph needle valve in fuel injection system opens and close nozzle more than meg t imes in the service life of nozzle. It generates and provides pressure as high as 2,050 bar and depends on stresses such asTemperature and pressure of the combustion chamber .Shock caused by continuous opening and closing.High flow related stresses during fuel injection.Below are the features of the nozzle and its processesInjection succession is 1-2 milliseconds which is higher compare to sound wave from loudspeaker .Pressure in the fuel-injection chamber is more than 2,050 bar and it operates efficiently at such a high pressure.Injection duration in vehicle varies from very low range to high range,hence the amount of fuel is forced at very high velocity through a very small opening.The headroom of valve needle is 0.002 mm which is very minimal.Hence high technology demands an terrific amount of expertise in development, materials and manufacturing techniques.3.2 Current stage Processes on nozzle During the manufacturing process when part is about to go through final processses, case hardeniing is done on it.After case hardening, part goes through two operation as folllows Drilling of the OrificeBall Grinding at ball end from outer surface.When nozzle comes out for drilling, it is first hardened. Then the orifice isdrilled at the ball end. According to the requirement the number of orificevaries from 3-8.The diameter of orifice is within 0.3-0.4 mm.DLL nozzlesare further classified in many types with number of orifice.Fig1.2Orifice drilled at ball endThen the part is brought to grinding station, where part goes through outer grinding at the ball end.Fig 1. Grinding at ball end after drillingA metal burr is remained at the portal of the orifice due to the grinding. This metal burr reduces the performance of the nozzle. Hence it is necessary to remove this burr .To serve this burr, pinning operation is done on nozzle so that burr gets removed.Fig1.4 Metal burr remain at ball end due to grinding immobilise - Pinning is the operation in which a needle having c omparatively smaller diameter than orifice is attached to the small motor having speed of 300 rpm.This needle is then inserted in the orifice.Due to this the burr is removed and gets collected inside the nozzle at the ball end.These free metal particles reduces the performance of nozzle or can damage the nozzle inside the body.Its not an easy task to remove this free metal particle.An air pressure of 5-10 bar is pursy inside the nozzle from ball end to come out from other end of the nozzle as shown in below figureFig 1.5 Air blowing through orifice to remove free metal particleChapter 4 DesignIntroduction of Air Blowing MachineFig Air Blowing Machine4.1 Introduction of Air Blowing MachineIt is the machine used to remove the free metal particles present inside the nozzle body. The main function of this machine is to remove this free metal. To remove this metal air is been blown inside the nozzle at 5bar pressure. Pneumatic circuit is attached to the machine and it is controlled by PLC. Hence it is based on mechatronics. Mechatronics is the branch of engineering which is be as the combination of mechanical and electronics engineering to improve quality, productivity and powerful utilization of energy.Pneumatics deals with usage of compressed air to create motion and hence can be utilised for doing useful work. Certain characteristics of compressed air have made this medium suitable for the use in sophisticated manufacturing and production plants. Introduction of pneumatics in the manufacturing process benefited with cheaper medium of industrial automation which if judiciously used, may bring down the cost of production to much lower level. Many mechanical task that came across can be achieved pneumatically in nozzle manufacturing process.4.2 MaterialSelection of Materials Material should be softer than Nozzle material.The optimum material is Mild Steel according to CES bundleProperties of mild steel (C3O) Carbon percentage = 0.3%Modulus of Elasticity= 2.0 6105 N/mmModulus of Rigidity = 0.79105 N/mmPoissons Ratio = 0.3Tensile Strength = 600 to 750 N/mmYield Strength = 400 N/mmIzod meet Value = 55Nm tightfistedness = 7.78104.3 Hand -Calculation for Design Angle of Inclination for the clear way Fig Forces on NozzleData Found draw of nozzle = 200gmCo-efficient of friction = 8 % metric weight unit (w) = 0.20 9.81 = 1.962 NLet,R= answer force. = Angle of contactAddition of forces in horizontal direction is zero.Hence,Fx = 0R = w cos .. 1Addition of forces in good direction is also zero.Hence,Fy = 0R = w sin 2Now by dividing equation 2 by 1 we get, = tan 0.08 = tan = 4.573Therefore, = 5To find reaction,From equation 1,R = w cos R = 1.962 cos (5)R = 1.9543Factor of safety for design Design of Cylinder holder 1Fig Cylinder holder for cylinderAir pressure = 5 barForce by the cylinder = 245 N.(Reference solid works )Hence,Bending moment = Force x Displacement= 245 x 36= 8820 N-mmStatic load through stress, ledger of the holder = 4042 x15 +15 x15 x71 x40= 67.8 x 10 mmMass = Density x Volume= 7.78 x10-6 x 67.8 x 10= 0.5278 KgWeight (P1) = mass x gravitational acceleration= 0.5278 x 9.81= 5.1746 N summarise weight (P) = Wt. of element + Wt. of cylinder= 5.1746 + 0.59.81= 10.0746 NStresses at the joint () = P A= 10.0746 6515= 10.338 10-3 N/mmExtension in the element (st) = ( E) x L= (10.33810-3 2.06x 105) x 35= 1.756 x 10-6 mmMaximum strike load acting on the bolt (Pmax) = P 1+ (2 h) st = 10.0746 1+ (2 x 50) 1.756 x 10-6= 76.06 x 10NStress produce due to Impact load (p) = (2 E P h) (AL)= (2x 2.06x 105 x (10.1746+245) x 50) (6515 x 35)= 392.47 N/mm392.47 N/mm 600 N/mmStress produce due to impact load less(prenominal) than 600 N/mm hence design is safe.