The Timeless Truths of Homer’s Iliad

James Hutchinson Ms. Spicer AP lit 20 August 2010 Homers Timeless Truths Is Homers The Iliad relevant to todays society? Is this work a timeless parable depicting universal benevolent lawfulnesss transcending time and stage setting or merely a superbly-crafted epic poem to be analyze and admired for its stylistic brilliance? Has the text endured exactly because of Homers dramatic rhythm or because of the timeless human truths it conveys?Was it written to persuade readers to question the incorrupt implications and savagery of war or simply to provide provocative sport? These questions commit been posed for centuries yet r arly have been sufficiently answered. However, an conniving student of contemporary politics, media, and entertainment can non fail to notice that many Homeric typographys, much(prenominal) as the celebration of war, the corruption of power, and mans desire for personal credit ar as apparent in contemporary American behavior as they are within the pages of The Iliad.Though it is unkn testify whether or not the covert Greek poet intended to create a work that would have such an enduring impact on Western man, clearly the poems underlying infrastructures and the inauspicious questions it raises remain relevant in the ordinal century. One of Homers primary themes, the glorification of war and effect, is clearly relevant today. The celebration of war is omnipresent end-to-end The Iliad. To Homers characters, meshingfield courage, skill, and savagery are seen as both the ultimate elbow room of serving ones country and of proving personal strength and integrity.War is depicted more as an opportunity to achieve a greater good and demonstrate private valor than as a necessary evil to gain a larger political purpose. Homers heroes focus more on the craft of battle itself than on the geopolitical goal they hope to obtain through the drawn-out bloody combat. In one scene, Hector responds to his armys reluctance to manage by procl aiming, Fight for your country That is the best, the alone omen You, why are you so afraid of war and slaughter? (Homer 333) As a leader and a prince of troy weight, Hector has been raised to stuff war as the only received chance for annulus.For Hector, war brings honor to both his soldiers and the country for which they fight. Although he celestial latitude the possibility of not living to see his son grow up, he believes that his purpose is to serve on the battlefield. Because of his integrity and provideingness to die for Troy, Hector is the pluck and joy of his family and of the Trojan army. His brother Paris, however, is widely scorned as a weakling and coward for his constant refusal to kill. At a time of war, pacifism is simply not an option.On high school campuses across the United States, we celebrate strong-growing football stars and wrestlers faraway more than intellectual artists or peace activists. The parallels amidst Homers depiction of a war-torn societ y and our own collapsing world are both unmistakeable and highly disturbing. There is, and always has been, a human enthrallment with violence and sadism. Just as the ancient dramatist Homer depicts butchery with vivid detail and precision, contemporary Hollywood filmmakers such as Quentin Tarantino, Eli Roth, and Oliver Stone, plot of ground conveying the cost of war, also appeal to their audiences unquenchable blood lust.Despite their intentions or supposed social commentary, there is no denying that it is ultimately the gore that sells the tickets. The internet, television set news programs, newspapers, and magazines garner far more advertising revenues depicting images of violence and end than anything with any sort of redeeming value. It is telling that two of the events from new-fangled history that have sold the most books are the Holocaust and the Manson murders. In short violence sells. The reprehensible slasher film Saw was a blockbuster.The family-oriented prank The Kids Are Alright lagged in ticket sales. Without a doubt, we live in a horticulture in which violence is perceived not as a necessary evil for the greater good, but as a worthy and even heroic form of entertainment. Homers Iliad also dramatizes the timeless truth that power corrupts. The unconditional, manipulative gods pulling string section from their plush thrones on climb on Olympus bring to mind modern-day politicians. They can be seen as archetypes of todays degage bureaucrats.genus Zeus and his fellow gods quietly toy with mortals, watching with amusement as they mow one another down on the blood-soaked battlefield of windy Troy. Shamelessly, similar merciless puppeteers, they create tension between the mortals for their own personal entertainment, with fiddling regard for the inevitable mayhem and carnage that ensues. Indeed, the ten-year conflict at Troy is indirectly sparked by the vain goddess Aphrodites desire to be recognized as the fairest beauty among the god desses, yet as soon as the fighting begins, she pleads neutrality.Similarly, Zeus himself shows little concern for the rampant slaughter among mortals taking place on his watch, even though initially he aids Achilles in his retaliation against the Greeks. More than a few critics of the current wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have decried the dispassionate way in which U. S. chickenhawk non-combatants such as George Bush, Dick Cheney, and now Barack Obama have heartlessly made strategic military decisions from the safe environs of the blank House that have had mortal consequences for U. S. troops on the front lines in Kabul and Baghdad.For many observers, the U. S. political elite bears more than slight likeness to the gods of Mount Olympus. However, The Iliad shows not only how power corrupts on the broad, bureaucratic take but on the individual level as well. In fact, the poems most self-serving and manipulative figure is without a doubt the mortal Agamemnon, who is only concerned about his own pleasure and personal gain. At the opening of the epic, he selfishly steals Achilles war prize, the maiden Briseis, when he is forced to dedicate up his own mistress.Outraged at this act of betrayal, Achilles exclaims that Agamemnon is armored in brass always shrewd with greed (Homer 82) Although Agamemnons actions seem unbelievably boorish and arrogant by todays standards, his behavior is not unlike that of any current leader who abuses his or her position of authority to achieve personal gain. On the topical anaesthetic level, the city manager of Bell is now accused of looting his own very poor citys treasury of nearly one million dollars p.a. to purchase race horses and personal luxuries.Just as politicians and corporate CEOs pull strings and manipulate workers, so too schoolyard thugs and drug lords abuse the weak. The Iliad remains an haunting piece of literature not simply because it is beautifully-written, but also for its unornamented depiction of how t he helpless are trampled by the strong. The third universal, timeless theme in The Iliad that is relevant today is how far men will go to attain personal glory. The main protagonist of the story, Achilles, seeks not merely riches or vengeance against Troy, but also to be elevated to a god-like stature and leave behind an imperishable legacy.In this, he is not unlike any entrepreneur or world leader that hopes to make a name for himself by turning the tide of history, for better or for worse. Christian evangelist Billy Graham once declared, The legacy we leave is not reasonable in our possessions, but in the quality of our lives. (Graham 48) For Achilles, his legacy will be the force with which he wields his sword, and the body count of soldiers he cuts down. He rejects a simple, comfortable life at home for a vicious, unpredictable life of war, serene in the knowledge that this shall earn him eternal glory and lionization as indeed it did.The longing for men to be remembered a fter their deaths is not a strictly Homeric theme. We live in a culture in which martyrdom is often perceived as the greatest virtue, resulting in the iconic status of figures ranging from Jesus Christ to Che Guevara. Men like these are often praised not simply for the quality of their lives, but also because of their willingness to fight and die for a cause. In America, joining the military and dying in combat is romanticized as the greatest possible act of heroism, whether or not the war itself has any moral worth.An early death is viewed as a noble death. Even when a young man dies from simple venturesomeness or self-hatred, as James Dean or Kurt Cobain, we still embrace them as tragic heroes saints of their generation. In short this is why Achilles fights. He cares far more about how his story will be told centuries after he is gone than for his own life in the present. Though he shortly becomes disillusioned with his life as a warrior after his conflict with Agamemnon, he reg ains his motivation to fight and possibly die when he feels he moldiness avenge Patroclus.He expresses the difficulty of his choice between an obscure life and an computable death when he proclaims, If I hold out here and vex siege to Troy, my journey home is gone, but my glory neer dies. If I voyage back to the fatherland I love, my pride, my glory dies (Homer 265) Eventually, though it is never mentioned in The Iliad, Achilles does meet his fate, without ever living to witness the climactic arc of Troy. However, his life is indeed remembered as one of near secular ainthood, and, just as he had hoped, his name is never erased from history. In the final analysis, was the Trojan War a worthwhile conflict in Homers eyes? no(prenominal) The cause was trivial the cost in lives was enormous. However, once the war was under way, his heroes wrested honor and nobility from the battlefield. The reason for battle is practically irrelevant, but the ferocity with which the battles are foug ht is legendary. The relevance of this to todays events is indisputable.For example,when the primary reason for the Iraq war was revealed to be more often than not if not wholly erroneous the alleged presence of weapons of mass destruction many argued that it had to be waged for the sake of American honor, a Homeric theme if ever there were one. Overall, The Iliads enduring appeal rests in the universal human truths it presents. Namely, Homer tells us that man honors war more than peace, power corrupts us all, and we all thirst for immortal glory. That is why even in the twenty-first century, The Iliad remains a transcendent and gripping morality tale for the ages.

French revolution Essay

Before the french whirling, France was ruled and governed by the tabby, his guanine Council of ministers, and 13 approachs c on the wholeed parliaments. King Louis sixteen ruled by divine righteousness, believe that he had been put on the throne by the grace of God. France and so was one of the most spotful and wealthiest countries, and had a strong army, and blush stronger pagan influence. (Plain, 5) Louis XVI and his wife Marie-Antoinette were shielded from the daily lives of the ordinary state in France. When Louis XVI inherited the throne in 1774, he also inherited many problems left behind by the previous king, King Louis XV. The acres had been confused in the Seven Years War, also k straightn as the French and Indian War, and was left with many debts of the contend.France was divided into three groups, or estates with their own status and role to play in the country. The startle dry land involved religious people in the country. The Second solid ground involve d all the nobles. These both estates had many privileges, and were the wealthiest group, but were completely a minuscule piece of the entire population. The Third earth was everyone else in the country the peasants, unfortunate city dwellers, and the middle class. The Third Estate was the largest group, and had little to no power, even though it was the largest group. (Connolly, 8) In rescript to pay off subject field debts, Louis XVI increased taxes in the Third Estate, which impacted many of their lives. Because of the taxes, pains started to lag, and there were bread shortages in many places. People of the Third Estate relied on bread as their primary source of food, and when the bread ran appear or the price increased, many people went hungry and riots broke out. (Plain, 19) Louis XVI shocked many people when he declared war a relieve oneselfst the British, even though they were already in massive debt because of the Seven Years War. King Louis XVI wanted to increase tr ade with America, and wanted penalise against the British for beating them in the Seven Years war. later on the American Revolution, many capital of Franceians were fascinated by Benjamin Franklin, the American ambassador to France. Franklin told of the new American Republic, where representatives obeyed the will of the people. Talk about similar ad unlessment spread through France.Louis XVI tried to make reforms by end point the corve in many provinces, andoutlawed the use of torture to gain information. He also granted more than rights to Protestants and Jews living in France, and allowed more freedom of press. However, it was becoming harder and harder to govern with a stubborn parliament. In identify to pay off debts, Louis tried to impose a tax on all landowners, not just the Third Estate. The parliament of capital of France claimed that only if a special assembly could approve a tax, an assembly that hasnt been called in over 170 years, the Estates-General. (French R evolution, 2) The Estates-General was an assembly where representatives of the three Estates could discourse what to do. Through May and into June 1789, the representatives argued about how many votes each Estate should have. The branch and Second Estates bent the rules to their advantage, saying that each Estate should have only one vote, ensuring that they would win any conflict two to one. The Third Estate wanted a system of majority votes, since it would give it the most say. On Jun 17, the Third Estate broke away and declared itself the study fictionalization, which was a direct offence to the people in power, including King Louis XVI. (Connolly,12)The case Assembly created a new law that gave only it the power to decide on taxes. Louis XVI banned the National Assembly from its meeting manse upon sense of listening this. However, on June 20, 1789, the National Assembly responded by moving to the Versailles tennis court across the street and swore the Tennis Court Oath. The representatives swore that they would not break asunder until they had drafted a constitution for the people of France, guaranteeing rights to the French people. cosmosy lower-ranking clergy and a number of nobles broke away from the First and Second Estates to join the National Assembly. Louis feared the combined strength of this group, and could see that people were rising up against him. (Connolly, 14) In order to show the French his power, Louis hired outside soldiers to go to Versailles and genus Paris, and shoot the popular minister Jacques Necker. However, with the public and numbers from the other two Estates on its side, the Third Estate stood strong. The king, not wanting an outright gross out, ordered the representatives from the First and Second Estates to join the National Assembly to show that he received the change in mood, which then changed its name to the National Constituent Assembly.The French people wanted complete victory for the representatives of th e Third Estate. They were mad that the king brought foreign soldiers in to France and fired Jacques Necker. On July 12, 1789, full scale riot began, with symbols of the kings power the main tar protrudes. Crowds of people gathered at the Htel Invalides, the place where the army stored their guns, and demanded arms to fight with. They rioters were able to get about thirty- megabyte muskets and several cannons. However, they obtained very little gunpowder and some bullets. Upon hearing that the gunpowder and ammunition have been moved to the fortified prison, the Bastille, for safekeeping, thousands of people went to stream the Bastille. The Bastille was originally built as a fortress, with walls five feet thick, but was now used as a policy-making prison, but held very few prisoners. The crowd attacked shortly after noon on July 14, and Bernard de Launey, the man in command at the Bastille, agreed to surrender to the crowd if he was not harmed. But, the crowds took Launey prison er, and soon after cut off his head and mounted it on a pike. (Corzine, 44-46) When Louis XVI was informed of the fall of the Bastille, he exclaimed, But, this is a revolt The official who informed him told him, No, Sire. It is a revolution. (Plain, 29)In prideful, the National Assembly wrote the annunciation of the Rights of Man and Citizen, influenced by Americas Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen called for political power to be shared by every individual, for the right of religious freedom, and the rule of law. (Plain, 30) On October 5, 1789, thousands of women gathered at the city hall in Paris demanding bread. They disarmed guards and collected weapons and set out to Versailles to see the king. on the way, a number of men and women joined them armed with scythes, heavy sticks, pikes, pitchforks, and knives. afterwards the king was led back to Paris, he was literally held under house-arrest as a hostage. Louis XVI was convinced by his advisors and the queen to flee Paris and the entire royal family fled under the cover of the night. Many deputies feared that, with the king gone, foreign armies could invade France. The familys flight was thwarted when they were recognized, and were led back to Paris as a prisoner in disgrace, and to many, a traitor. (Corzine, 63-65)By August 30, 1792, France was in a state of terror. The stronghold of Verdun was under beleaguering by the Duke of Brunswicks armies, which would give the enemy an open road to Paris if it fell. On kinsfolk 2, news reached Paris that Verdun had fallen. On that September afternoon, terrible massacres occurred. Priests were dragged from their coaches and killed. Mobs stormed the Carmes prison and killed the priests imprisoned there. They were brought to a mock trial, and then executed. The killings lasted for five days, and over fourteen hundred people were killed. Nearly all the prisons in Paris were attacked and the prisoners murdered. (Corsine, 79-81)By 1792, members of the Jacobin club had taken control. The Assembly declared war on Austria and Prussia, but were easily defeated. As the enemy armies marched towards Paris, the people panicked. On August 10, about twenty thousand French revolutionaries stormed the Tuileries palace, forcing the royal family to flee. By then, many of the Revolutions former leaders had left the country. In September, the French army defeated the Prussians. The National Assembly then voted and renamed itself the National convocation, which adopted the slogan Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. The rule then immediately abolished monarchy, and, on January 15, 1793, the Convention found the king guilty of conspiring against liberty. The king was escorted to the guillotine on January 20, 1793, and was chop-chop executed, becoming a symbol of the Revolution. (Connolly, 32)Following the death of Louis XVI, France was waging war with closely every European power, including England, the Netherlands, Spa in, Austria, and Prussia. There was also a small obliging war in France, with the Royalists and the pro-Church people against the Revolutionaries. To help France through the war, the National Convention created the delegacy of veryity Safety, led by Maximilien Robespierre, the leader of the Jacobin Club of Paris. Robespierre distressed the need for a center of opinion and was enemies with many members of the Convention. The Committee of national Safety tried to de-Christianize France, and created a completely new calendar. The Committee of Public Safety soon led the country into what is now known as the Reign of Terror. During the Reign of Terror, possible enemies of the Revolution were executed. Over sixteen thousand people from all classes were sent to theguillotine, and flags now had the phrase Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, or death But, in July 1794, Robespierre was sentenced to the guillotine, and his followers followed swiftly. (Plain, 35-38)The National Committee creat ed a constitution that gave power to a five-member Directory, and two legislative bodies. The Directory had serious problems it had to face, such as planning France with food and goods. Much of Frances population was starving. A little-known officer, nap Bonaparte, support the Directory and was able to help France in times of need. Several politicians overthrew the Directory on November 9, 1799, and created a new constitution which supposedly gave power to the Consulate, but actually gave all the real power to the First Consulate, which short sleep Bonaparte was elected into. (Connolly, 44-45)Napoleon Bonaparte established the Bank of France, strengthened the school system, made authorities jobs, and established a code of justice known as the Napoleonic code. France also conquered many European countries, and by 1806, France controlled much of Western Europe. Napoleon soon became more and more powerful. He changed the constitution in order to give himself even more power, and dec lared himself Emperor of France soon after. The French believed that their lives were better under Napoleon, even though this was not the ideas of the Revolution.The French Revolution and the American Revolution were similar and different in many ways. The Americans wanted to break away from Great Britain, while France just wanted to get rid of the monarchy. During periods in the French Revolution, over seventeen thousand people were sent to the guillotine to be beheaded. During the war, America had France and Spain on its side and was against only Great Britain. France, however, was on its own, and had to fight against five countries. The French sent the king and queen of France to the Guillotine, but the Americans did not harm physically harm the royal family in any way. After the war, America had two forms of government. One was the Articles of Confederation, which gave too much power to the states, and another one was the penning of the United States. The French had four forms of government. The first was the National Assembly, the secondwas the Committee of Public Safety, the third was the Directory, and the fourth was the Consulate. For the French, their lives were better after the Revolution and erst Napoleon was the First Consulate. The French Revolution was truly a revolution.The French Revolution was a real revolution because there are political changes, social changes, and economical changes. After the war, the French have overthrown the monarchy, and replaced it with the Directory. However, the Directory then fails, and is replaced with the Consulate. The peoples lives change after the Revolution. The school system was better, and there were more jobs for people who could qualify. Napoleon established the Bank of France and improved the economy. Napoleon had improved the areas of education, justice, and business after the war, making the French Revolution a real revolution.

Values and Interest

feel 1 Values, Interests and Skills Review the geting information cogitate to the importance of C atomic number 18er Self-Assessment. http//www. job-hunt. org/ go-change/self-assessment. shtml Write virtuoso split reflecting on your values. I value animation and life itself and the lives of my family and the people who atomic number 18 close to me. I likewise value religion and the guidance that it portrays. I value my breeding and professional c atomic number 18er beca subr verbotenine it has helped to have me what I am today. I attain because I not simply have to, but because I compulsion the experience and the knowledge that I will gain from a life of domesticate.I want to be able to use this knowledge to not only help myself and my family, but to also help and teach others, and to also farm a incompatible so that I can leave and timeless impression on whoever I may come in connexion with. I also value the ability to speak and to speak freely. I value my ability to be self motivated in some(prenominal) task that I may be given. Write one paragraph reflecting on your interests. I am interested in having a career in the heath care administrative field, may it be information, choice control, managed care, finance, marketing etc.This has always been a passion of mine to workplace in this event of environment because I feel as though these are the areas in health care that are really universe unnoted and neglected, and I really want to shake up a different in organizing and using my knowledge and skills to improve upon these various areas. I enjoy work with people and I dont have a fuss working alone. I love to work in environments that are outstrip and organized and process the ability to grow and be exposed to different things. Write one paragraph reflecting on your favorite skills.My favorite skills are the ability to analyze and research along with effective communication. I also apply information creatively to specific problems or tasks that I may be faced with or assigned to along with sort data and objects, compile and rank information, identify alternative courses of action, peck realistic goals and follow through with a plan or decision, manage time effectively, annunciate future trends and patterns, and accommodate multiple demands for commitment of time, energy and lastly set priorities. Step 2 Personality Assessment Review the information at http//www. myersbriggs. org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/Include each of the four letters of your code below. Use one line for each letter. After reviewing the meaning of each letter, include your variation of this information and what this means to you. (Your response should be a minimum of two sentences. ) I I prefer to keep to myself and not let matters or issues in the outside world effect how I live my life. NI love to interpret reason and analyze things. I tend to use these skills when I am learning something new and researching TI am a thinker. I prefer to think about things logically before I go ahead and make any major decisions on anything.P or JI use both perceiving and judging because I like to make decisions but I am also open to new ideas. Step 3 Reflection Now that you have completed a saying of your values, personality, skills and interests write one to two paragraphs indicating how this information ties to your career. Be sure to visualise all four elements you reflected upon. The purpose of this assessment was to reflect on decision out who you as a person, what are your interest, values and the skills that you possess. All of these are factors that will be needed in order to build a successful personal and professional life.The assessment also helps you to figure out your likes and dislikes that you may have regarding various activities. The personality assessment also helps you to shape out what type of person you are, and this may also consider what type of people you or what type environment you may work outmatch in. Such as being in tuned with yourself or the outside world, being a thinker or follower, a self starter or person who likes to told what to do. The purpose of the self assessment tool is that people who dish out similar interests will also enjoy the same type of work and how important different values are to you.Examples of these values, which play an important component part in ones job satisfaction, include autonomy, prestige, security, interpersonal relations, helping others, flexible work schedule, outdoor work, leisure time, and high salary. In addition to determining what youre nice at, the skills assessment also helps you figure out what you enjoy doing. The skills you use in your career should combine both characteristics. You can use the results of the skills assessment to make some changes by acquiring the skills you need for a particular career.

Review of Accounting Ethics Essay

Establishing principles for honourable port frequently starts with a insurance on good motive. Businesses modernize a policy on ethics to guide their measures and to set up a popular meaning of correct versus incorrect. According to the American Library Association, code of ethics is a handbook for suitable deportment (2012). Given the corporate respectable dishonoures in modern times, assess whether or not you believe that the true business and regulatory environment is more conducive to good behavior. support support for your answer Existing businesses and regulatory environment is more semiconductive behavior because some companies and managers feel as though they can halt away with it. The unpredictable increase and collapse of the Enron Company set finish up a long-burning fire under the American social conscience. From e very crevasse and corner, voices rose demanding increased accountability, demanding tighter regulation, and demanding that the unethical be brou ght to justice.Clearly, in such estimation, those at recess should have been punished. In company for ethical principles to apply to such industries, it must be shown that they are inherently moral or ethically answerable institutions. Secondly, an adequate discussion of what business ethics is just be provided earlier we can truly investigate why the situation does not line up to those standards. Third, the role of those same ethical standards must be explained with business content. Fourth, recent societal preventative measures for unethical practice should be examined (SOX). Fifth, and finally, the contribution of philosophical trends and the current phislophical mood of society must be investigated in order to delve into the mindsets of those who perpetrate such acts as society seeks to condemn. at the very beginning it is heavy to buzz off the following distraction despite the feature most of society views business as a whole, including executives as inherently dishon est, accountants and business persons are not inherently more likely to engage immorality over ethical behavior than any other division of society (De Vois, 2002).Based on your research, describe the organization, the accounting ethical breach and the impact to the organization related to ethical breach. Best purchase chair and founder Richard Schulze exited Monday after directors determined he used poor appreciation for failing to disclose CEO Brian Dunns personal relationship with a young subordinate, a violation of company ethics that led to Dunnsdeparture last month. In light of these revelations, Schulze acted inappropriately, by failing to dally the matter to the companys audit committee. While Best Buy made it clear that Dunn did not use the companys resources to advance his relationship with the female employee, the internal probe found that Dunns behavior showed extremely poor judgment and a lack of professionalism. Determine how the organizational ethical issue was detected and how management failed to create an ethical environment. In April, Dunn abruptly decided to call it quits as the Richfield, Minnesota-based company nevertheless investigated his relationship with the subordinate employee.The internal probe was initiated by the firms audit committee and completed by an outside law firm. Dunn is expect to walk away with a severance package worth up to $6.6 million from the embattled consumer electronics chain. There is still no word on who entrust succeed him. Schulze said in a statement that when he questioned Dunn about his actions, they were denied and now he accepts the audit committee findings. Analyze the accounts impacted and/or accounting guidelines violated and the resulting impact to the business operation. According to the U.S. Securities and alter Commission, within the previous three years, there has numerous businesses and audit organizations that has been held responsible for violation of accounting ethics and other mo netary irregularities for rebelliousness of manifestation standards (2012). Richard Schulze, creator and chairman, neglected to take action in a regularity that was standard with the audit committees permission and excellent constitution procedures and he produced serious possibilities of employee revenge and corporation liability.The best news for shareholders is that the bill of fare of directors at Best Buy and HP took major steps to timber after the shareholders. The board members that observe CEOs make uncertain ethical decisions, should not hang around to decide if there is an accounting violation to make alterations. As a CFO, recommend which measures could have been taken to prevent this ethical breach and how each measure should be implemented in the future. For the worth(predicate) of the business, and for the worthy of anyones career, it is very significant to stay away from ethical problems and equally, to act morally (Smith, 2003). Mangers and/or supervisors shoul d be a model to the actions they indispensability their employees to obtain.The companys staff will observe how the managers perform and theywill perform the same exact manner. When corporations create a code of conduct, they aim to make sure that they live up to it as well. As a member of staff of any company, CFO choices or events should progress the offbeat of that business. At particular times, CFOs could be in a situation where their judgment might influence their own wellbeing as well. On the other hand, to stay away from any form of bragging(a) behavior, CFOs may perhaps reveal the nature of their nexus to the corporation.As a result, ethics play a very important role in each choice an accountant has to obtain as it involves every investor who places their unsighted belief on the accountant to make the pay decisions. Principles has to be very clear by hopeful accountants in such a approach that it combines with their ethical growth which will allow them to acquire the m ost excellent ethical choices in the future. It really comes down to individuals ethical responsibility to sustain their own honesty and increase public authorisation by illustrating clearness in the shape of the ethical measures being pursued.References cypher of Ethics of the American Library Association. (2012). American Library Association. Retrieved November 1, 2012, from http//www.ala.org. De Vous, P. (2002). Recovering the handicraft of business. Acton Institute. Retrieved November 1, 2012, from www.acton.org. Smith, Deborah. (2003). 10 Ways Companies Can Avoid Frequent Ethical Pitfalls. American Psychological Association. Retrieved November 1, 2012, from http//www.apa.org. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. (2012). Retrieved November 1, 2012, from http//www.sec.gov.

Nationalism Is a Modern Form of Consciousness

A few weeks agone the topic of populationalism was presented to me. So I asked myself What is nationalism? and How did it come nearly? This led me to an essay stating that patriotism is a juvenile variety show of reason (Greenfeld 2006 64-92). It went on to say that Nationalism is the constitutive element of modern fontity and it provides the launchingal ashes of consciousness in all societies defined as nations (Greenfeld 1992 3-26). With this brief cortical potential on nationalism I wrote this paper. This essay will discuss the proposed call into question Nationalism is a modern mixed bag of consciousness.What routine(s) do you think that this take a crap of consciousness play(s) in the identity element of Caribbean bulk? Do you think that this modern form of consciousness contributes to the motivation of Caribbean people? But before we chide about nationalism in the Caribbean we must take into consideration the score of the Caribbean in order to identify th e role that this form of consciousness plays in the identity of Caribbean people. While developing up, I can vividly suppose my primary school teacher, Mrs Khan, stating that The Caribbean is a group of microscopic islands encircled by the Caribbean Sea.That same by and bynoon I asked my mother about the small islands makes up the Caribbean and how far be they from Trinidad. She told me that The Caribbean is made up of countries much(prenominal) as Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Island (BVI), Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, St Christopher & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines and the republic of Trinidad and Tobago and that they share a commonality history.It is enriched with variety of cultures, religion and dialects, which were mixed and created new forms such French vernacular thats why the Caribbean is comprises of such rich diversity. This nurture encouraged me to consider deeper and find ou t more about nationalism and to my astonishment I trulyised that in that location are multiple perceptions on the theory of nationalism. These perceptions wide-ranging because of the overall modifications in life and the roles that different persons took on the idea of nationalism.Nationalism, a modern form of consciousness, emerged in the sixteenth century after the warfare of Rose in England (Greenfeld 1992 3-87). This war resulted in the annihilation of the magnanimousness humanity a void at the top of the social pyramid which unavoidable to be filled thus a new aristocracy. This new aristocracy was comprised of talented and meliorate man-to-mans of the lower social strata. Although I had all these information the question still remained What is nationalism and how it related to the Caribbean? Ernest Gellner (1964) stated that nationalism invents nations where they do not exist even if it helps to have some pre-existing ethnical traits. He went on to say that the nation h as become a sociological necessity for modern, industrial society. This form of modernisation eats away conventional society and its role relationships, uprooting and mobilising the peasants and s stronging the cities. These urbanised peasants and workers who experience discrimination form a new nation of their own and consequently, nationalism generates new nations. outright Im faced with a new question What is a nation? According to dictionary reference a nation is a large body of people, associated with a particular territory, that is sufficiently conscious of its virtuoso to hold ink or to possess a government peculiarly its own. Eric Hobsbawm (1994) viewed the nation as an invented tradition. He argued that in order to understand the concept of nationalism this invented tradition must be explored. Furthermore, she understood that the fundamental part of nationalism is the nation. The perception of nationalism deals with the creation of consciousness of human mind, shared b eliefs, best-selling(predicate) sovereignty and equality.This then led me to think that nationalism has play role in the Caribbean identity. When discussing the historical background of the Caribbean you should know the difference between individualist nationalism and collectivism. Before the 19th century, most of the Caribbean islands were colonized by the European Union such as Great Britain, France, Spain and Portugal to a lesser extent. The enslaved individuals of these colonies fought against the whites for better working conditions among others.This is one of the examples whereby enslaves individuals felt that mental consciousness. Together they saw they required a better life and so showed resistance. After the emancipation of bondage and countries obtaining their independence the beginning of nationalism has been felt greatly by countries. For example, in my birth country, Trinidad and Tobago, a French Creole, Andrew Arthur Cipriani, , was responsible for the beginning of national consciousness. He was responsible for the formation of the Workingmens Association, now called Trinidad Labor Party.The partys motto Agitate, Educate, Confederate motivated individuals to overthrow the Euro-British Colonialism which appealed to their sovereignty. Now there is a place called Cipriani Boulevard in honour of Andrew Arthur Cipriani contribution in Trinidad and Tobago nationalism. Additionally, numerous countries migrated to foreign investment for economical stability to maintain their nation shows that this form of modern consciousness has been developed. A contribution of nationalism that is currently growing throughout the Caribbean is loyalty.People are becoming more and more devoted to their individual countries which are seen especially around independence time. For instance, in Grenada most buildings are decorated in their national colours and children are being educated about the history of Grenada. This gives them a sense of who they are as a country. Before, people of various countries would wear their flags in an unmannerly fashion and no one would say anything but now they wear it with pride. This modern form of consciousness also brought about by the political directorate and the handle unions. Individuals such as Dr.Eric Williams of Trinidad and Tobago, T. A. Marryshow of Grenada and Jacob of Guyana are but a few who promoted assertion and walking together for the betterment of each other and it played a profound role in Caribbean identity. Some of the things within the Caribbean that contribute to the identity of the Caribbean people are education, sports, CARICOM/ CSME and the CCJ. In education there are areas such as University of the West Indies (UWI) and Caribbean Examination Council (CXC) which contributed to the Caribbean identity and who we are today. In sports there are areas such as cricket.The West Indies cricket whether they are lovable or losing is a major factor that influenced Caribbean identity. Dr. Hon D enzil Douglas the Prime Minister and St. Kitts and Nevis stated that , the West Indies cricket team removed the Caribbean from the clutches of colonialism and that is the real form of nationalism Nationalism, a modern form of consciousness, has contributed to the motivation of the Caribbean people. For instance, after the abolition of slavery ex-slaves educated themselves to the highest level possible as well as their children because they did not want them to be like them.Many times I questioned why it is my parents are pushing us to attain the highest possible educational level and now after reading and researching for this paper I see the importance of an education. They also were motivated to cease free labour and to turn better paying jobs so that they can provide for their families. I tally that nationalism played an important role in the shaping of the people of the Caribbean. The Caribbean people rebelled against their oppressions for betterment. Thus, it can be said that nationalism a modern form of consciousness did play apart in the development of Caribbean countries identity.Bibliography Gellner, E. (1964). Nationalism. Greenfeld, L. (1992). Nationalism as the Cultural Foundation of Modern experience. 3-87. Greenfeld, L. (1992). Nationalism as the heathen foundation of modern experience . 3-26. Greenfeld, L. , & Malczewski, E. (2006). Nationalism as the cultural foundation of modern experience . 64-92. Hobsbawm, E. (1994). Nationalism. References Nation. (n. d. ). Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved March 18, 2013, from Dictionary. com website http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/nation

Education of the filipino Essay

?According to the article, it seems that foreigners, especially the Americans influence us in a lot of different ways. They influence us in call of speech, sense of style and clothing, food we eat, the movies we watch and even how we think and decide. And for that, I can say that our minds argon slightlywhat manipulated by the Western nicety and thus, we think and act as if we were like them. Where is the modern day Crisostomo Ibarra and maria Clara who took their stand for the traditional way of living? Where are the people who sustainment enough to pre action our culture and tradition?I agree with Renato Constantinos statement in which I would quote Education is a resilient weapon of people striving for economic emancipation, political independence and pagan renascence. One must be aware of the countrys problems, experience the solution and be caring and courageous enough to work and render for our countrys salvation. We Filipinos must work move on in hand to achieve one goal. In my opinion, many Pinoys want the Philippines to be an American state because for them, lying in independence could mean poverty. Hopeless and morose as it may seem.For me, its not skillful the government and the carcass that has problem here, its the people and their manners plus attitude. It is also verbalize that the most effective way of subjugating people is to capture their minds. In doing so, we are tricked into doing or being someone we are unlikely to be and some of our beliefs and stand can be swayed by such illusions of freedom to express. As long as feelings of resistance remain in the hearts of the vanquished, no conqueror is secure and as long as we are starchy and sure of ourselves, we can avoid being swayed by early(a)s.The Filipinos mentality sometimes fair escapes me. Many are bias and many are just plain jealous of the fact that Filipinos can be smart too. A lot cant still accept that fact. On the other hand, there are several weak beings that move beside the authorized psyche holding the power against them or what we call puppets. The American culture has been a part of the Filipinos lives. But despite of that I mean that we must preserve our resources and Filipino values to an extent.The fact still be that these people are in a conquered nation whose national bearing had to be woven into the pattern of American dominance. The drawback is that we still rely on first world countries such as the United States for support financially and economically. Absurd as it may sound but the truth trunk that we are poor and we need them to survive. A classic example would be us students most especially those taking up Nursing. We are attempt hard to finish this course because of its demands abroad. Many are aiming to seek for split up job opportunities abroad.I would be lying if I say that I am taking up Nursing because I want to serve my country, but who doesnt want a brighter future? Now wheres my sense of nationalism? I say Im j ust being practical. Its much better to accept the fact that we, Filipinos are diverse in culture and language as well as our way of thinking because we have been influenced by so many cultures internally and externally. It is true that raising will bring emancipation and the right education will broaden our perspective and hopefully, appreciate and capitalize on the diverseness to propel us forward.

Time Warner Analysis

BUSINESS CASE ASSIGNMENT 1 Jie Tian Zhaopeng Li A. As patch of strategic planning exercise, describe and analyze the muckle and military boot statements of m Warner Inc. There is no explicit vision or mission statements on clip Warners website. But according to the description of vision and mission statements on class the ABOUT US statement on the high societys website resembles the mission statement and the OUR VALUES statement fits the definition of vision statement. The ABOUT US statement describes that conviction Warner Inc. a global drawing card in media and frolic with pipelinees in television entanglements, film and TV merriment and publishing, uses its industry-leading operating scale and brands to create, package and deliver high- prime(a) content cosmeawide through and through and through multiple distribution outlets. First off, this mission statement is a production-oriented mission because it states what products and services it serves its clients. Second, the statement emphasizes that Time Warner is a global leader and stand services worldwide. It shows the scope and domain of the organic law is around the globe.And it as well as all the way describes the systems purpose is to create, package and deliver high-quality content through multiple distribution outlets. The OUR VALUES on the website describes that the company encourages risk-taking and divergent voices, makes the highest quality tribute content available on every device, creates value by working together within and across our business, upholds editorial independence and nice expression, attracts and develops the worlds best talent and takes pride in part the public interest.The OUR VALUES statement falls into seven categories which are creativity, customer centersing, agility, teamwork, integrity, diversity and responsibility. The statements show the ambitious long-terms goals of the organization such as recruiting the worlds best talent and making its content ava ilable on every device. It also mentions how the organization will generate value for the prox through effective teamwork, innovation and originality and embracing changes and opportunities B. Explain, in detail, its basis of competitory advantages using Porters generic strategies (show how this is supported through the dissolutes value hain activities) Time Warner has four main subsidiaries which are turner Broadcasting System, Warner Bros. Entertainment, Home Box Office, and Time Inc. Turners entertainment networks include TBS, TNT, Cartoon Network, tru TV, Turner Classic Movies and Boomerang. Turners news show networks consist of CNN and HLN. Each of the subsidiaries of Turner has their cause specialties for example that TBS focus on contemporary comedies like The Big Bang Theory, TNT focus on drama, tru TV focus on real-life stories from a first-person perspective.Warner Bros. Entertainment include Warner Bros. which produces and distributes ingest films, Warner Bros. Tel evision Group which develops, produces and distributes television series, reality-based entertainment shows and animation programs for the Companys network and third parties. Other subsidiaries under Warner Bros. Entertainment are Warner Bros. verve Inc. , Warner Home Video, Warner Bros. Digital Distribution, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, Warner Bros. Consumer Products Inc. and DC Entertainment.The third segment of the organization is Time Inc. which is the largest magazine publisher in the U. S. based on technical avenue and published 21 magazines in print in U. S. and oer 70 magazines out of U. S. which covers the topic of style and entertainment, lifestyle, news and sports. Time/Warner sell Sales & selling Inc. is also a subsidiary under Time Inc.. Home Box Office (HBO) is the nations most astray distributed multi-channel premium pay television service which consists of recently released uncut and uncensored theatrical motion pictures.Based upon the brief introduct ion of various segments in the organization above it can be concluded that the agonistic advantage of Time Warner is founded on note. Porter suggested that a firm could only apply genius of the three generic strategies or the company could be stuck in the warmness and will not achieve a competitive advantage. However, he also argued that firms could only succeed at multiple strategies by creating separate business units for each strategy.In Time Warner case speciality strategy and differentiation focus strategy are both(prenominal) applied in achieve its competitive strategy. For networks and film business the company is competing with other film production and network companies. Television programming, feature films and news are the products of these industries which always have a massive audience scope and the companies try to differentiate themselves from competitors. The uniqueness of the product is the key in the competition that customers would like to pay a premium pr ice for the products.Time Warner exploits its brand recognition and embraces innovation and creativity to product various different focused programs and movies to distinguish itself from its competitors. The competitive advantage is achieved through differentiation focus for HBO and magazines business because of their narrow market focus. Magazines like Essence and golf face targeted audience instead of the broad scope audience. Time Warner has its own well developed distribution channel and sales& marketing company.Therefore, its differentiation could be effectively supported by the outbound logistics and Sales &Marketing sections in the value chain. C. Mintzbergs family of strategies. Time Warner is involved in both the midstream and downstream business because it develops, produces and distributes feature films, TV programming and magazines. Time Warner distinguishes itself in achieving competitive advantage through differentiation strategy and differentiation focus strategy. Ti me Warner elaborates its core business by market development strategy and diversification strategy.Time Warner develops its market mainly by geographic expansion and technology expansion. For example, Turner distributed 57 networks of it regional entertainment brands in over cc countries. Time Inc. made all of its U. S. magazines available at tablet editions. The CW disseminate network cooperated with Netflix. Inc. and Hulu to expand its distribution channel. Time Warner extends its core business by the strategies of entry and control and listening. The 50-50 joint venture between Warner Bros. and CBS Corporation created the CW impart network.

Larsen and Toubro Case Study Essay

Organizational teaching (OD) is a planned long term effort led and back up by means of the coronate instruction to improve an organizations faculty and to solve its own problems by continuously works together and on managing the culture using behavioural skills. Thus, there argon some true aspects worth discussing about which are- OD is a planned effort. It requires a potentiometer of effort, patience, and faith and is m consuming. Secondly, OD usually uses outsiders.These facilitators as they are called are mould specialists and are involved in depth in this process. The pioneers of OD in India were Larsen and Toubro India (L&T). OD at L&T started by name in 2 eminent professors- Dr Udai Pareek and Dr TV Rao to study the appraisal process at the company. The existing appraisal dodge had many faults and needed to be corrected. The difficult task started by the professors interviewing some bosses and subordinates from different departments (using Diagnosis or Action Resear ch) and they got a very interesting feedback.Some of the aspects of the feedback were juniors wanted to turn in how well they were doing on the job, but werent told people wanted to go through what the growth opportunities in the company were the appraisal form was too long some bosses had too many subordinates to appraise, etc. after getting the feedback from the employees the professors gave a report to the top management about the actual problem. The appraisal system had to serve not just one but many purposes to wit it should help people understand their strengths and weaknesses, their own progress on the job, how they tin flush toilet perform better, and how they could grow in the company.So the appraisal process had to visit the issues of appraisal, potential, counselling, career development and training all in one The top management after reviewing the report gave the go ahead and they did two main things which were the most important which were bifurcating the Perso nnel department into personnel department and HRD department. This bifurcation was the premier(prenominal) sign of structural change. Secondly, a squad of 6 senior managers was create which would be responsible for implementing the changes required.The story continues when the 6 task force and the professors persistent that the appraisal process had to involve the line managers personally, the performance polishs must be set jointly by boss and junior and the appraisals must in like manner involve feedback and counselling to people. Thus, they prepared a Performance Appraisal manual(a) by involving the departmental heads and other senior managers to analyze what kind of objectives could be set and then added such guidelines in the manual. To address the issue of feedback and counselling, the team identified around 29 senior line managers and some senior staff with a flair for public speaking.These selected people were put through a workshop on how to be good Givers and Recei vers of feedback and then after takeed the same workshop for other employees at HQ and regional offices. Thus, the for the first time workshop was a Train the trainer workshop which was cascaded to the other employees. After putting in so much of effort now the management at L&T wanted to know whether the process was working for them or not. So again the professors interviewed some seniors and juniors about how the appraisals were going on.This time different views came into the picture the goal setting was seen as time consuming, appraisal was becoming a numbers game, and was tending to become ritualistic. The HRD department was asked to conduct a survey (Participant Action Research). The survey also threw new well-defined about the new appraisal process. The bosses now did involve their juniors in the goal setting and there was healthy resolution of difficulties and there was a steep degree of trust between the seniors and juniors which led to increased joint intellectual ab out the job.After receiving such a feedback, they again try to simplify the appraisal form by adding the definitions of the attributes listed in the appraisal form. In addition, they held refresher courses in feedback skills for both givers and receivers of feedback. The facilitators felt that the appraisal system has stabilize when 80 to 85% of the appraisal forms were returned within six weeks of the target date. withal the HRD department started analyzing all the appraisal forms.The data from the analysis was used for inclination high and low performers for a certain period for finalising departmental developmental plans and for preparing the list of department wise employees and the training courses they needed. The above mentioned process took L&T 8 years to complete and stabilise themselves. Thus, I can conclude that OD is a long term process which requires a lot of patience, support from the top management and a vision to a bright future.

Critical Thinking in 21st Century America Essay

The intellectual grow of unfavourable thinking date back to the teachings of Socrates, who discovered a manner of analytical oppugning known today as Socratic questioning, establishing that whiz could non ration every(prenominal)y guarantee their assured claims to experience. Socrates established that people can non think upon those in authority to engage sound knowledge and insight. He demo that individuals may have power and high position and yet be deeply conf consumptiond and irrational.He established the importance of asking questions and thinking deeply before we accept an idea as worthy of belief. Socrates stressed the significance of seeking evidence, closely examining reasoning and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts, and tracing egress implications non only of what is said but of what is done. This, I believe, is essential to documentation a successful and knowledgeable life question everything and everyone.I powerfully rack up with Socrates idea that we cannot depend upon an individual of higher power to have all-encompassing knowledge and insight solely based on their status. The use of reliable words, in just the right way, is enough to make round individuals believe just about anything most successful lawyers have build their entire c atomic number 18ers merely by knowing what to say, how to say it, and when to say it. Although I feel that critical thinking is a necessity throughout life, on with analyzing and questioning everything I also feel that it is not something that is simply learned.Today, in our contemporary 21st century American society, we are certainly allowed to be and/or trained to be critical thinkers, but it is only certain individuals who will use critical thought to its highest ability to expand their knowledge and diffuse up the thinker. These individuals, sometimes rare, have the ability to reflectively question common beliefs and justifications, and use this to carefully distinguish those beliefs th at are reasonable and reasonable from those which lack acceptable evidence or rational foundation to justify a certain belief.Socrates practice was followed by some(prenominal) great critical thinkers, such as Plato, Aristotle, and the Greek skeptics, all of whom emphasized that things are ofttimes very different from what they appear to be and that only the trained head word is prepared to see through the way things look to us on the scrape up, misleading appearances, to the way they really are beneath the surface, the deeper realities of life.Critical thinking, amongst many other definitions, is the ability to understand and apply, to infer and to meaningfully investigate presumptuousness information the skills needed to see equivalents, comprehend connections, identify problems, and develop excusable explanations. It identifies bias, and a bias is not necessarily bad it is simply a preferred way of looking at things. However, critical thinking does not necessarily benefit e veryone it can alter relationships, change attitudes, and cause family and friends to breach ways.In light of our readings, many of the individuals we have discussed stress the need for a critical society, but additionally stress that it is not always beneficial, curiously for those susceptible to non common sense. John Stuart tarry feared conformism among society as a whole, he saw this as a uniformity which enforced narrow views and illogical rules on those individuals much open-minded and educated.A few old age back while researching religion for a paper, I came across bombers idea of blaze belief, where he argues that the belief in nut house is made inconsistently both strong and weak by a total system failure in critical thinking that hell belief is incompatible with the belief that God is good. He explains that the comparable mind set that enables them to accept a theory involving these contradictions prevents them from seeing the logical consequences of the theory. M ills ideas of hell belief are very similar to those of my own. galore(postnominal), if not most, people are introduced and expected to abide by a certain religion by the time they speak their first words. Naturally, more very much than not, religion and religious values are the first thing that many are taught however religion allows little, or no room, for critical thinking. Many people carry their religious beliefs and values throughout life, where critical thinkers dispute and question it they find the stuff that doesnt quite make sense and demand to know where the logic lies and why exactly theyre hypothetic to life by these ideas.In Mills ideas, people make it to believe in it and manage to stay sane about it for the same reason, a lack of critical thinking. In our readings, we see that Bertrand Russell emphasizes the importance of open and free analysis, and the critical need to create education systems that raise open-minded pursuit of knowledge and cautions the dangers in herent in rigid ideologies.I agree with Russell and believe that children should be taught to think critically as soon as they start their education because as adults it is almost impossible to learn, it is not simply a skill you can up and decide you want to possess.If more schools implemented a system that encourages children to keep an open mind and consistently put certain ideas and theories to the test, they would be better prepared for future education, further to socialize with their peers even if theyre not from the same religious or ethnic background, and overall be well prepared for life itself the clothe of questioning everything leads to the development of well-rounded knowledge.When referencing the answers that many of us strive for, Russell explains that if school of thought cannot answer all of our questions, it at least holds the power of asking questions which maturation the interest of the world, and show the strangeness and phenomenon lying just below the surf ace even in the simplest things of everyday life. He identifies a need for a theory of knowledge that will merge what appears to be from what really is, as well as the importance to practice knowledge responsibly.Russell explains to us that in order to make statements or hold beliefs about knowledge, we must be able to substantiate that our knowledge is accurate to reality. Although uncertainty and doubt are Descartes enemy, he wanted to use doubt as a motherfucker or weapon to combat uncertainty. What, if anything, could not be doubted after subjecting all of his knowledge to the acid wash of doubt. The one thing that Descartes concluded could not be doubted was that he was doubting. There has to be an I who is thinking. Descartes famous dictum, Cogito ergo Sum, means I think therefore I am.

Allusions in Arthur Millers “The Crucible” Essay

The melting pot contains many allusions, which is a conjure upence to something supposed to be known, solely non explicitly mentioned a covert indication indirect reference. Miller uses allusions to consume the theological beliefs and apparitional convictions of his characters.There is chaos in the townshipsfolk later on the people there find out that there might be witches that inhabited the village. Abigail and her friends are accusing people of being possessed by demons. When Hale shows up he is convinced that there are witches in the town and believes Abigail. As Abigail walks through and through the crowd of people surrounding the lawcourtroom where a meeting is being held all the people disperse international from her creating a pathway. In the Old Testament Moses comes to a sea and places his round into the ground and suddenly the seas part allowing the Moses and the slaves to pass through the other side. When Abigail passes through the crowd, it opens up just lik e what had happened in the Old Testament. This also is chaff because Millers audience that is reading the play knows that Abigail is devising up these false accusations, but some people in the town believe her and are making her into some kind of religious figure.In the melting pot there is an allusion to veracious vs. Evil. In Act III Danforth says, a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it(Miller 1137). The town is religiously and virtuously based so you are either classified under a worshipper or someone who believes in evil. The good people are seen as opponents of the court and the unspeakable people are seen as proponents of the court. The chaff in that is that the good people are treated like criminals and the criminals are treated like heroes.Miller uses allusion to portray Reverend Hale. In the pray of the play Hale came to the town and wanted to make the town thin once again. He believed in everything that Abigail and the girls said and qu estioned everyone that they had accused. Then he left(p) for a while which was just like Jesus leaving and qualifying into the desert for 40 days and 40 nights. When Reverend Hale returned he talked to John Proctor and believed him. This was like Hale went from this person who believed so more that there was witches in the town to coming to his senses and believing in the facts. We dropcompare Reverend Hale to John Newton. Newton was a slave trader, who didnt believe in God and was caught in a bad storm and called out to God for help and experienced what he was to refer to later as his great deliverance. After that he became believer and was baptized. So this man went form not believing to believing in god.John Proctor the protagonist in The Crucible could be compared to Jesus. In the last Act Proctor was faced with an important decision. Danforth offered Proctor a chance to get out of being hung but refused because he didnt want them to make a mockery of him. So he took his pe nalisation of death. He could have gotten out of being killed but did not because he knew what he was doing was right. Jesus knew the night before that the guards were coming to capture him so he could be killed. Jesus could have run and have gotten forward but he made peace with God and died on the score for our sins.When Abigail was accusing everyone in the town of being witches people were being hung without moderately trials. This was like people in the early century being persecuted when they were whole innocent to begin with. In the end of the play people were started to piss that she was phony and she took off. The Crucible had a lot to due with peoples reputations than anything, which is a form of corruption, which we see a lot in these days. The Crucible contained many allusions that portrayed the bad characters in the play as religious figures. Being such as morally and religious based town he people who were innocent were seen as criminals through the eyes of the tow n because they believed in something that was truly evil.

Cause and Effect About Students Attendance

There argon umpteen types of students in terms of attendance, reactivity with class activity and submitting assignment. In this depicted object we are only interested in students who usually attend and they are divided into three groups, the first is students who issue forth before the lecture begins, the second, which I think is the best, are students who arrive on the time of starting the lecture, the third base are puncture students who arrive after the beginning of the class affect students and lecturer. In this essay we are going to look at separately groups positive and negative sides and what advantages they deport.First type of students is the type who wants to obtain premature to classes. This type of students go away have to break their sleep and what may be a nice dream just to be there a few minutes earlier. However he will have well(p) advantages, the first is that they can relax on their breakfast with a form of tea or coffee. The second is they will not ha ve to quicken on their way to the university and will not face a divvy up of crowd if the lecture is during early morning. Finally, students who get early to classes will have enough time to review the previous lecture which may burden in better understanding for the next one.The second type of students is students who get to classes on time. They and students who get early will be able to freely choose their seats. They also will be able to catch virtually all information their instructor says. However they will not be as relaxed as students who come early. The last type is students who come deep to classes. The only positive side for them is they can stay late at night because they have decided on coming late which marrow they do not have to wake up early, nevertheless, they themselves know that what they are doing is wrong but they are just ignoring it.We all know that students who arrive late to classes are over speeding because the moment they realize their read they sto p thinking the right way and just focus on getting there with new highest record to avoid any rail at from the instructor and forgetting about the high probability of getting into argument with a cop because of any traffic contravention they did or involving in virgule which will keep them even more delayed.When they arrive, they firstly will interrupt the other students attention then, they notice that they have missed a rope of information which may be very important so they will ask students around them and eventually disturbing and cause noise in the class affecting the other students. In my opinion, students who usually arrive to classes on time are the best, because they get many positive points by be in the middle of both sides.

The Going by Thomas Hardy

barefaced around appears unaware of the years passed distanced from his wife ntil the twenty percent stanza, suggesting her conclusion has the effect of a virtual awakening, all toldowing him to at huge last accept it, nonetheless non settle from sadness it ,as is made bare by the play alonging 1912-13 poems. The Repetition of Why beginning the first, third, and fifth stanza illustrate portlys rejection of Emmas remnant, likely resulting from the regret of not having taken advantage of the conviction she was alive. Hardy feels Emma calmly died with languor, better-looking way to intense feelings of remorse in the following stanzas.His uspicion of her slovenliness is further highlighted in the second stanza as she is exposit to have never to bid goodbye or lip him the softest holler out. Emmas apparent aberration of hardy suggests she deliberately left him in receipt to those days long slain where she was as good as dead to Hardy. Moreover Hardy remains unset tled by the fact that death or Emma offered no hint of her waiver. Deaths unexpectedness emphasizes its fragility, and t suppressency to rapidly and calmly occur at whatever moment, and alter all.The substance ab social function of the oxymoron, cursorily and calmly to describe death whitethorn suggest Hardys state of confusion repayable to the swiftness of it all happening, as well as him actually not k right offing how she died beca social function he was not there. In addition the aural resource created by dint of the social occasion of the monosyllabic articles, up and be gone, has the effect of emphasizing deaths suddenness. The IloW break created by the feminine end rhyme of where I could not follow with wing of swallow has the effect of something continuous, in this case suggesting Hardys growth distance from Emma now that she is dead, as well as oreshadowing the long plosive consonant of melancholy to come. The overtaking is reference to Emmas gradual fading from Hardys memory. Emma death is in like populacener describe to be a swift fleeing and a great going. Death and the afterwards life are never referred to explicitly. Therefore Hardys use of euphemisms illustrate his shunning of reality, as well as his fear of acknowledging Emmas death. Furthermore, Hardys commemorations of his case with Emma in the poop stanza further stresses this point. The tone of the poem shifts during this process, as he cadence begins to rise, bring out the Joy Hardy feels whilst remembering Emma alive.It almost seems as if Hardy is attempting to follow Emma through his memories of her. Hardys eventually recollects the moments where him and Emma were most distant and did not dick or promise together those places that they once visited. By this point, regret dominates Hardys feelings and the poem. Furthermore, in the first stanza Emmas is described to have passed on quickly after the morrows dayspring the use of the word dawn adds a sense of light to poem, allowing readers to look the sunbathe cost increase.This whitethorn symbolize Emmas soul rising from her dead corpse, as well as, word picture an ambiance of increasing light. Hardy deliberately eliminates this trick of light to draw off his increasing sense of grief. In the third stanza, the use of the words blackening dankness and yawning blankness coupled with Hardys description of his wifes delusion at evenfall, convey this diffusion of light. In the final stanza Hardy appears to be undergoing acceptance, suggested by the use of the words well, well. Nevertheless his grief has not yet subsided.The broken yntax alters the rhythm, as well as giving the impression of it worn out forward. Hardy describes himself as a dead man held on end to sink downhearted soon, this conflicts with the rising of Emma in the first stanza, nevertheless, may imply the same idea. Hardy is now plagued with a wish to totality his wife in the after life, yet this does not bring them an y closer to her, as Hardy feels hell sink down instead of rising up. In addition, similarly to the sun rising in the first stanza, the use of sink down may symbolize the sun now sinking, deliverance about darkness.The Going by Thomas HardyHardy almost appears unaware of the years passed distanced from his wife ntil the fifth stanza, suggesting her death has the effect of a virtual awakening, allowing him to finally accept it, yet not settle from mourning it ,as is made evident by the following 1912-13 poems. The Repetition of Why beginning the first, third, and fifth stanza illustrate Hardys rejection of Emmas death, probably resulting from the regret of not having taken advantage of the time she was alive. Hardy feels Emma calmly died with indifference, giving way to intense feelings of remorse in the following stanzas.His uspicion of her carelessness is further highlighted in the second stanza as she is described to have never to bid goodbye or lip him the softest call. Emmas ap parent alienation of hardy suggests she deliberately left him in response to those days long dead where she was as good as dead to Hardy. Moreover Hardy remains unsettled by the fact that death or Emma offered no hint of her going. Deaths unexpectedness emphasizes its fragility, and tendency to quickly and calmly occur at any moment, and alter all.The use of the oxymoron, quickly and calmly to describe death may suggest Hardys state of confusion due to the swiftness of it all happening, as well as him actually not knowing how she died because he was not there. In addition the aural imagery created through the use of the monosyllabic words, up and be gone, has the effect of emphasizing deaths suddenness. The IloW sound created by the feminine end rhyme of where I could not follow with wing of swallow has the effect of something continuous, in this case suggesting Hardys growing distance from Emma now that she is dead, as well as oreshadowing the long period of grief to come. The G oing is reference to Emmas gradual fading from Hardys memory. Emma death is also described to be a swift fleeing and a great going. Death and the after life are never referred to explicitly. Therefore Hardys use of euphemisms illustrate his avoidance of reality, as well as his fear of acknowledging Emmas death. Furthermore, Hardys commemorations of his courtship with Emma in the fourth stanza further stresses this point. The tone of the poem shifts during this process, as he cadence begins to rise, revealing the Joy Hardy feels whilst remembering Emma alive.It almost seems as if Hardy is attempting to follow Emma through his memories of her. Hardys eventually recollects the moments where him and Emma were most distant and did not spear or visit together those places that they once visited. By this point, regret dominates Hardys feelings and the poem. Furthermore, in the first stanza Emmas is described to have passed on quickly after the morrows dawn the use of the word dawn adds a sense of light to poem, allowing readers to imagine the sun rising.This may symbolize Emmas soul rising from her dead corpse, as well as, portraying an ambiance of increasing light. Hardy deliberately eliminates this semblance of light to depict his increasing sense of grief. In the third stanza, the use of the words darkening dankness and yawning blankness coupled with Hardys description of his wifes hallucination at dusk, convey this diffusion of light. In the final stanza Hardy appears to be undergoing acceptance, suggested by the use of the words well, well. Nevertheless his grief has not yet subsided.The broken yntax alters the rhythm, as well as giving the impression of it faltering forward. Hardy describes himself as a dead man held on end to sink down soon, this conflicts with the rising of Emma in the first stanza, nevertheless, may imply the same idea. Hardy is now plagued with a wish to Join his wife in the after life, yet this does not bring them any closer to her, as Ha rdy feels hell sink down instead of rising up. In addition, similarly to the sun rising in the first stanza, the use of sink down may symbolize the sun now sinking, bringing about darkness.

Research-based Strategies for English Language Learners Essay

Today, it is common in schools to trust face speech colloquy claimers of differing ability in unity class. Students be class according to their English wrangle ability in order to al st beviate cooperative acquirement groups and to track their progress. A students English speech ability thot joint be classified into ELL (Emergent language learner) person who has just begun learning English, Limited English Proficient (LEP) approximatelyone who has strikeed a level between Basic Interpersonal Communication (BIC) that permit the student to in margeingle with peers on a social level and Cognitive academic Language (CALP) that allows the student to intermingle at a deeper level with content, and indigen English speaker someone whose first language is English.This arrangement smoke present many obstacles learning. Teachers will be up to more contest tasks in creating a language receptive classroom where all students could reach their highest potential in learning . The instructor should frame a classroom surroundings where students would observe comfortable in trying a stark naked-made language. Adapting to language and culture is very difficult and could take years. The instructor should as well as boost an environment that is respectful of language and culture. Ideally it should be free from rag and embarrassment. An interactive classroom should rude more opportunities for ELL to subroutine English in communicating with native speakers. They consider to experiment with new language legal injury and test their ideas of putting words together.In addition, certain strategies involve been constitute to be particularly aidful in providing a learning fraternity where everyone has access not precisely to learning English, bargonly also the content. This radical determines to examine the soundness of these strategies according to current researches and to examine the implementation of these strategies to English language learn ers. These strategies could help even the most season instructor and the inexperient ones.Pre- tuition activitiesPre instruction activities help students acquire new noesis by firebrand on the English language learners introductory knowledge. These activities atomic number 18 of assistance for all the students in the classroom to get ready for the new cultivation. Some of the things that dirty dog be employed as pre-instruction activities that enkindle be utilise are semantic webs, graphic organizers, timelines and social occasions and graphs. These strategies determine where the students stand in relation to the content of the upcoming lesson.Pre-instructional materials help prepare the student to learn new lessons. Semantic webs, graphic organizers and K-W-L charts are usageful for students in organizing their vistas and ideas. These pre instruction activities wad be use daily, advanceing on the prior knowledge and adding more and more info to store knowledge. Pr e-instruction activities also stimulate detailed thinking through the development of charting and mapping skills, Graphic organizers, webs and charts can also help students empathize the relationship of information being presented and the application of that information. (Reiss, 2006).K-W-L chart is an example of a graphic organizer. K -W-L is an instructional activity for supplementing cloth development and constructing meaning from text to students. This tool can be used for all levels of students. This chart is usually envelopd in kindergarten. This instructional activity basically consists of three parts. For example, the students are asked to identify what they previously KNOW about the lesson. entropy, they would be lead to what they WANT to know about the lesson. Lastly, the students identify what they pass on wise(p) from the lesson.Through this activity the student trigger his stored knowledge for the lesson, he becomes caught up in the watchword and becomes more f ocused in learning the lesson (Allen, 2004). some other pre-instruction activity is to provide the come upon words and phrases relevant to the upcoming lesson. Providing these lynchpin words to the students before the lesson or even during the password can institutionalise the student to encounter the vocabulary in the lesson.If the students have them early whence they can use a simplified English or bilingualist dictionary to learn the meanings and familiarize themselves with the words. This approach also helps students identify prior knowledge about the topic from their native languages. If the students are familiar with the in that location is a better chance of interest and recognition since they have some idea of the content.The students actively learn in u chatter pre-instruction activities evading being a passive learner who memorizes all of the information. The teachers need to directly instruct and gift how to use the charts and graphs and how to manage the informa tion. These tools can prove to be eventful for all students as review materials comes exam time, moreover most importantly to the ESL (English Second Language) and ELL (English Language Learners) students to be able to put their information together and understand how that information works together for them (OLoughlin & Haynes, 1999).The payoff of the pre-instruction activities can remove overlots of the uneasiness and frustration of learning new concepts and lessons because students would feel that they are as competent as everyone in building their give prior knowledge. optic Aids, Realia, Maps, Pictures, Multimedia exploitation these materials defecates it easier for students to easily conditioned new concepts by perceive the relationships of concepts and concretes. Even if all the students are of differing English ability level they can all get the meaning of words represented by visuals. Using images and media also heightens the interest of students and creates a fun at mosphere for learning.Images, designs and body movements watch over the students interested and focused, help them make connections and commit to memory language that they are learning. Films, videos, and audio cas currytes with books allow students to visualize and make connections to what is being taught. For example, film-viewing prior to the discussion of lesson help students recalls more vividly the information from the film relating to the lesson (OLoughlin & Haynes, 1999).Realia is a term for any real, concrete object used in the classroom to create connections with vocabulary words, stimulate conversation, and build background knowledge (Herrell, 2000). Schools organize to salt away funds for realias that teachers and students can use. . Teachers can use models, photographs, illustrations, and artwork when the real object is inaccessible or is impractical. The use of realia can also be a model way to study diametric cultures included in a lesson. For example, in studying the eating habits of some culture a set eating utensils and kitchen appliances (chopsticks, a tortilla press, a tea set, a wok) can build vocabulary and add comprehension. Another good example is the study of di pen clothing items from different cultures. (Herrell, 2000)It would also be helpful to label everything in classroom so that newcomers see the names of objects in the school environment. Incorporating posters, photos or graphs is another way to encourage comprehension and development in students as well. These items can encourage understanding through illustrating the concepts and meanings of the topics/words (Reiss, 2006).Multimedia can be used to teach parts of speech such as verbs, adjectives, etc. Multimedia clips such as films show the use of language in actual use exposing the conversational use of language to increase the students ability to use English in a conversation. Audio clips also helps students learned the correct orthoepys of letters and words.The learnin g end of this dodge is that a student is more likely to find the bear and understanding in the lessons and the content that is being introduced. They are able to make the connection easier through the combined audio and visual exposure. Graphic representations, the use the words/phrases in pictures, videos, audio, etc., aid in the effort of reinforcing the verbal and the written word and encourage content comprehension of the students (Reiss, 2006).Cooperative Groups, Peer instructCooperative learning can be victorful for all students at all academic levels and learning styles. Cooperative learning involves student community in small-group learning activities that promote positive interactions. Cooperative learning makes finger for teachers because all students are given frequent opportunities to speak and because a gist of cooperation and friendship is fostered among classmates. (Cochran, 1989)Students benefit through a shared learning activity, from detect how their peers learn. Face-to-face verbal interactions is advantageous for English language learners because it promote communication that is natural and meaningful (Johnson, Johnson & Holubec, 1994)Teachers take several types in planning cooperative learning. First, teachers make pre-instructional decisions about grouping students and assigning appropriate tasks. Teachers have to be able to fully explain the academic tasks and the grouping structure and roles to students and because must observe and get involved when necessary. Finally, the teacher is also the one who is responsible for evaluating the group and individual performance as well as the effectiveness of each groups work (Cohen, 1998).Teachers do have to spend time in planning for cooperative learning to work. But, as illustrated in the example, once cooperative learning is organized the activities can be done again and again in different settings and in different content areas (Yahya & Huie, 2002).Cooperative learning is valuable w hen students have an arouse thought through task such as a set of discussion points about a story they just read, producing a mental map of the story, or devising up a puppet show to suck up character traits.Cooperative learning groups or peer coaching job promotes a positive outcome when everyone involved understands the underlying purpose of this method. These methods are effective and successful because students tend to heed to one another and motivate one another to learn (NWREL, 2003).The pry of cooperative learning and peer coaching schema is to in effect promote the transfer of group ideas to individual learning. retroflex and RephraseThe repeat and re-phrase technique works by emphasizing key words and phrases in the discussion. Repetition is a key part of learning. The more times information is repeated. It is more likely that information will be easily recalled. Repeating the statement or question and re-phrasing it can sack the discussion. This strategy also helps in the students deeper understanding of the lesson. more than repetition and paraphrasing is required in this strategy. The teachers key role is to highlight the ideas that have already been discussed and modify them to give the same meaning, but a new understanding of the same idea. Through this the teacher could help students see the connection and transformation of the old information to a new one.The repeat and re-phrasing method is successful for instructions or classroom discussions. When speaking, the teacher require to make sure that they articulate fallly and slowly, not making unnatural sounds to distinguish between important words or phrases but placing a natural emphasis on the key words. Repeating ofttimes and paraphrasing the important information ensures that the concepts are comprehended. (Dunlap, Weisman, 2006)For example while discussing the teacher can repeat the central ideas or elaborate them over an extended block of time, for the purposes of emphasizing the m for their students or slowly rephrase them in simpler terms to be more understandable.In this strategy the teacher could ask a question or utter a statement Lisa sits quietly while auditory sense to the teacher. The teacher raises a question to repeat the concept. bum Lisa listen to the teacher if shes noisy? If the student does not understand, the teacher can ask the same question, but in a different form, Can you listen to our discussion if everyone is noisy?In repeating and re-phrasing, the goal is to prove a students independence in understanding and comprehension. The use of repetition can be a consistent reminder of the information that has been introduced, making sure that the students pick up on the concepts. (OLoughlin, Haynes 1999) Using this strategy enables the teacher to associate interrelated concepts by changing their structure into a sentence or question and further rephrase and repeat these but still arriving at the same answer.Music and Jazz ChantsOne of the m ost powerful English language learning strategies is the use of music and have intercourse chants because music is universal to all languages. Every culture sees music as a form of self expression. Jazz chants help non-native learners get the feel of American English. The student learns the stress, rhythm and intonation patterns by imitating them. Its a very effective and pleasurable way to learn. Songs are often easier to take to be than just plain words and sentences. Jazz chants stimulate and appeal to double senses of learning. They also use the rhythmic presentation of the natural language which is important to successfully speaking English (Tang & Loyet, 2004).Helping non-native speakers develop confidence in their pronunciation abilities requires that they have a good understanding of speech rhythms in English. These students need reading practice for fluency and pronunciation. Jazz chants and music are a fantastic way of practicing. This method also works for memorization . For example, it is much easier to memorize the English alphabet using the alphabet song learned in Kindergarten. Music is effective in memorizing ache lists such as periodic tables, alphabets, numbers, etc.This method can be used to introduce long concepts without anxiety. Students recover information in the form of song, and sometimes tossing in a little dance or hand movement for fun. Teachers a great deal use this activity as a method of memorizing information and pronunciation (Short, 1991). Adding a tune or rhythm to a poem, a verse or a series of regular words and sentences can make it an engaging way to learn to read and remember (Bridges, Wright, 2006).For example, a teacher could choose a song such as Ella Fitzgeralds howling(prenominal) rendition of the classic sober Moon, a song that is not only beautiful but also practical for its interesting lyrics and a clear singing style. First is to start creating a close exercise (i.e. fill-in-the-blank) and afford empty spa ces for words that will challenge students to listen carefully. The teacher would need to play the song two or three times depending on the difficulty of the exercise or questions about vocabulary (e.g. adore not a door.)When the close exercise is complete, play the song again the students would sing along with it.The next activities may include a scrutiny of the lyrics on a literary or grammatical level or an open discussion about the historical significance behind the idea of the Blue Moon, or an introduction to the music (both literal and figurative) of Ella Fitzgerald may prove interesting to students. (Roberts, M. 2007).Most people have had a song that is always play in his head every now and then. Jazz chants just do that. They play continuously in the students heads even after class ends. Students remember the lyrics of songs, more than likely, for a long time. Songs will help students to learn long string of words. Students are receptive using this method and this makes the information wanton to acquire and retain. Students generally join eagerly in activities like fart chants because of the unique and fun way of learning the lesson unaware that they are learning.The result of this strategy is longer memory retention of information for the English language learners. If a song is playing in their heads over and over again, information is retained and can be easily access by the teacher (OLoughlin, J. & Haynes, J.1999).ConclusionThese English language learner strategies are proven to effectively helps teachers facilitate learning and to efficiently retain language information to non-native learners. The methodology of carrying out these strategies would be very successful if they are done properly. The techniques that have been reviewed are essential to the success of an ELL classroom. However, there is no perfect strategy for every student or teacher.Teachers must carefully examine the needs of each student and each of their receptivity to learning new information. From there, the teacher would be able to generate a strategy that would be best for learning for all the students.These strategies are very helpful and best used simultaneously to expose students to different pathways to learning new information. There are many more strategies out there for teachers of ESL and ELL students. Teachers could also create their own strategies in delivering lesson plans. The teachers most important tasks is to foster interactivity by creating a learning atmosphere in the classroom and to uphold the value of respect for differences in language ability and culture.These strategies are effective because it is synchronised on how the brain process new information that is to build on prior knowledge, classical repetition of central ideas, and an abstract-concrete connection for visual aides. They are also fun and interactive such as multimedia, cooperative learning and music and chicane. They help eliminate the anxiety of ELLs in learning a new language. They also become more receptive and interested in learning because these are fun and enjoyableReferencesAllen, J. (2004). Tools for inform Content Literacy. Portland, ME Stenhouse Publishers. Retrieved on attest 30, 2008 from http//www.u-46.org/dbs/roadmap/files/comprehension/4KWL.pdfBridges, L. & Wright, A. (2006). Using jazz chants for bilingual/ESL students. Retrieved March 29, 2008 from http//litsite.alaska.edu/uaa/workbooks/jazzchants.htmlCohen, E.G. (1998). devising cooperative learning equitable. (Realizing a positive school climate.) Association for watchfulness and Curriculum Development. Retrieved March 29, 2008 from http//www.ncela.gwu.edu/pubs/classics/pig/12allenglish.htmCochran, C. (1989). Strategies for involving LEP students in the all-English-medium classroom A cooperative learning approach. Washington, DC National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education. Retrieved March 29, 2008 from http//www.ncela.gwu.edu/pubs/pigs/pig7.htmHerrell, A. L. (2000). Fifty Strategies for instruction English Language Learners. Upper Saddle River, NJ Merrill. Retrieved March 29, 2008 from http//multilingual.fresno.k12.ca.us/long time/eldg1/ELD%20Rec.Strategies.pdfDunlap,C. Z. & Weisman, E. M. (2006). Helping English language learners succeed.Huntington Beach Shell educational Publishing.Johnson, D. W., Johnson R. T., & Holubec, E.J. (1986). Circles of learning Cooperation in the classroom. Edina, MN Interaction Book. Retrieved March 29, 2008 from http//www.ncela.gwu.edu/pubs/classics/pig/12allenglish.htmNWREL. (2003). ordinary principles for teaching ELL students. Retrieved March 29, 2008from http//www.nwrel.org/request/2003may/general.htmlOLoughlin, J. & Haynes, J. (1999, April). Strategies and activities for mainstream teaching. Tell Training Manual. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http//www.kennesaw.edu/tell/tell_manual.htmReiss, J. (2006). 102 Content strategies for english language learners education for academic success in Grades 3-12. Col umbus, Ohio Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.Roberts, M. (2007). Music really plays in ESL classes. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http//esl-programs-lessons.suite101.com/article.cfm/music_really_plays_in_esl_classesShort, S (1991). Integrating language and content instruction strategies and techniques. Tang, F., & Loyet, D. (2004). Celebrating twenty-five years of jazz chants. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http//www.nystesol.org/pub/idiom_archive/idiom_fall2003.htmlThe Center for Excellence in Learning and Teaching (CELT) at Stony Brook University (n.d.). Tips for teaching ELLs Strategies for promoting success for the indorse language learner in grades K-12. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http//www.celt.sunysb.edu/ell/tips.phpStrategy_12 not in textYahya, N. & Huie, K. (2002). Reaching english language learners through cooperative learning. The Internet TESL Journal, 8(3).Allen, J. (2004). Tools for Teaching Content Literacy. Portland, ME Stenhouse Publishers. Retrieved on March 30 , 2008 from http//www.u-46.org/dbs/roadmap/files/comprehension/4KWL.pdf