Policemen of the World Outline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policemen of the World Outline - Assignment Example There were many trade rules implemented that governed the manner trading activities were being undertaken around various borders between countries. Organizations such as World Trade Organizations were major bodies that oversaw the means the trading activities were being undertaken between countries around the world (Schultz, 2014). The international trade has given countries around the world to improve their economy. They get to earn foreign exchange thereby leading to an improvement in the economy for various countries around the world. The rules that the heads of the organization have come up with has given the heads of various countries the chance to get good trading locations and even undertake the trading activities smoothly. The United States introduced a foreign policy on the war that took place around the world. They sent military enforcement to countries like Afghanistan in order to quell the incidences of war that took place within the country. The policy was also aimed at training the Afghan soldiers to avert a rise in the level of terrorist activities within the country. In addition, the United States also keeps a close look at all that takes place in Yemeni. They sent their military intelligence to keep a close eye on all that what taking place within the country and later came up with a policy that safeguards the interests of all the Yemen citizens. The United States also used this chance to win the confidence of the citizens from the Arab countries and build good trade ties in the end (Dwyer, 2011). Three aspects of the United States history since 1865 that prompted the United States’ rise a superpower included monetary reasons, religious and good perspectives, and geopolitical reasons. To start with, American ministers accepted that it was their obligation to spread Christianity to the unseemly ranges of the world. Second, European countries were viably partitioning the asset rich territories of the world in the middle of them and were benefitting significantly from these districts.  

Integrated design Essay Example for Free

Integrated design Essay The mower in production has a problem which can be solved in multiple ways. The problem is not due to the design inefficiency but due to the diversity of target consumers (the consumers range from owners of flats to owners of four bedroom houses). It is about the length of the flex lead. The problem actually has two parts. The committee was of various opinions. A final decision has to be made regarding this. The second part is that depending on the decision the design and technical aspects are decided. The first problem is a managerial problem. The diversity of opinions can be due to various reasons. The reason for this has to be found out and a conclusion has to be drawn from this. The second part is the design. It depends on the solution of the first part of the problem. Various opinions depend on the nature of the basis on which the opinions are based. Opinions drawn on vague guesses of the nature of the target customers will result in difference in opinions. In this case if there is no statistical data about the percentage of the type of customers then the opinions of each can be different from other. Even if there is a firm statistical data there can be different opinions due to difference in view points. Glass which is half full is half empty. The opinions about this change depending on whether one considers it as half full or half empty. The design of the mower as said before depends on the decision about the length of the flex. The technical issues like surge suppression and earth breaking are to be considered depending on the decision of the board. A decision has to be made regarding the length of the flex lead. A committee can be setup to survey the number of houses which are flats, four bed room houses etc. The percentage of each type of houses is then found. This work can be done either by the company itself or it can be outsourced to some agency or company which has some considerable expertise in this. After categorizing the houses into different categories the houses the length of flex lead required for each type of house should be found. It will be good if a few customers are involved in this and their opinion is taken into consideration regarding the length of the flex lead. The customers will know the specific problems regarding these things which can be a great asset to the company in designing the product. At this point we have percentage of each type of house and the length of the flex required for each type of house. The company can take different courses based on this data. The company can identify the type of houses which form the major percentage of total houses and can design the mower accordingly and sell them. It can produce different type of mowers in amounts corresponding to the number of that type of houses. This depends on the capacity of the company whether it can afford to make different type of mowers or it can only make a single type of mower. The above methods can be used or new technology can be used to solve this problem. A mower with variable flex lead can be designed using new technology to prevent surge suppression and earth breaking. A single mower would cater to the need of every type of house. This would be an innovative solution. The company has to decide upon it course of its action depending the constraints of the company.

Comparisons of Art :: essays papers

Comparisons of Art In the Egyptian era there were many art forms that were done and sculpted. Seated Scribe is one of these Egyptians sculptures. It was done in 2400 B.C.E and was done in limestone by subtractive sculpting. The colors that are used in this sculpture are very plain and bland. You can notice that the color is wearing away at the sculpture because there are blotches where the paint has started to chip away. The sculpture is physically accurate of a middle-aged man because you can see the definition of the extra fat on his body and you can tell that he has some intelligence because of the way that he is presenting himself and that he is ready to write. The man is sitting on a square piece of stone and it seems as though he is about to jot a few notes down or write a letter. You can see that he is holding something that looks like a writing pad of some sort and you see his writing utensil in his left hand. The actual pose of the man is very stiff, very perfect. The Man is sitting w ith good posture and he does not let his back slouch one bit. It seems to be an uncomfortable position for the man. The artist wants us to see that the man in the pose is beginning to write a story about what he is observing. The man is sitting outside on a rather warm day and he is observing the Pharaoh and how he is treating his people. The man is about to take some notes so that his mind will not draw a blank when he goes to writing the actual story about the Pharaoh. The man is very intelligent and very wise. People come to him when they need advice or answers to a problem. He is trusted by all because he is the writer that the Pharaoh trusts. The man is also admired by all because he is one of the few who can read and write. Many people did not have this type of advantage during these times. A more modern sculpture was done in 440 B.C.E by a Greek sculptor and it is entitled the Doryphorus Spear Bearer. The sculpture was also done with subtractive sculpting done in stone.

Effect of pH Levels on the Growth of Bean Plants Essay

Different pH level may affect the growth and development of the plants. Certain key words include: pH level, germination, acidity, osmosis and diffusion. This experiment examines the effects of different pH level of vinegar on the growth of bean plants. Materials used in this experiment consist of: water (pH 6), vinegar with the pH level of 3, 4 and 5 (each one were made before experiment), beans, soil, and pots. Eight bean plants were planted, two were watered with pH 6 and the other ones were each watered with pH 5, pH 4 and pH 3 vinegar. The results were that beans watered with pH 3 shrunk and began to die, pH 4 beans were growing at a slow rate, beans watered with pH 5 grew at a fairly normal pace and pH 6 grew the fastest. Overall, the more acidic the environment, the harder it is for plants to survive. Introduction Acidity is the quality or state of being acid; pH below 7. Exploring the different levels of acidity affect plant growth and development, the process of germination must occur to see the affects upon the growth of the beans. Germination is the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow. With the acidity expressed with pH levels is the measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution, in depth the measure of the activity of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+). Following these concepts is the process of â€Å"normal† plant growth. Plants require nutrients for growth. Their process depends on the essential nutrients of abundant sunlight, water, fertile soil, and minerals6. To investigate how the plants respond to changes in the acidity of their environments, photosynthesis is another significant concept involved. Photosynthesis is the a process by which energy from the sun is trapped by chlorophyll and is later converted to chemical energy with the key reactants of water, ca rbon dioxide and light6. Osmosis is the diffusion of water in which the plants obtain their water and nutrients from3. Replacing water with acids of different pH levels (1 being most acidic and 12 the most basic) it is hypothesized that the lower the pH of the acid used to water the plant the faster and more fatal for the plant undergoing plasmolysis (when the plant cells diffuse water out to establish equilibrium in its environment) to perish. The plants watered with a lower pH solution either as stated dies or grows at a slower rate that the controlled plants of pH 6. The conclusion of this hypothesis was based off  the knowledge provide from the media about the effects of not only global warming but also acid precipitation and their harms. The process of this experiment was to simulate the actual acid precipitation of nitric and sulfuric acids in which was represented with vinegar solutions to observe the plant responses to different environmental conditions . Materials and Equipment †¢Eight bean plants†¢One medium sized pot (about 10-15 cm in diameter)†¢4 small pots (about 5-7 cm in diameter)†¢A pack of wide-ranged pH paper (is able to detect pH levels of 0-12)†¢About 500 mL of white vinegar†¢Three 500 mL beakers†¢Tap water†¢A planting area with plenty of light†¢Planting soil mix†¢Tape and a marker to label the pots†¢A rulerMethodsRefer to Figure 1 for the following set-up. The pots were filled with a planting soil mix and one bean was planted into each of the small pots by pushing the beans about 2.5 cm into the soil and covering the hole with soil. Two beans were planted in the medium sized pot with the same methods. Beans were embedded near the centre of the pot to allow room for the roots to extend and the beans that shared a pot were planted near the centre, about 2 cm apart. Figure 1: Experimental Set UpFigure 1 shows the experimental set up for this investigation (the distance of the seeds from the soil’s surface and the distance between seeds sharing a pot. The pots were placed in an area with lots of light (under lamps) and were watered with tap water until the beans germinated and grew to about 5cm. The beans germinated at different times and thus the plants were different height when the independent variables (the pH of the solution they were watered with) were added. While the plants were germinating and growing, an observation table based on Figure 2 was created to record the following variables:Date, pH, height, colour, shape, and other information. Figure 2: Observation Table templateFigure 2 shows the template for an observation table needed to record data collected from this investigation. The height, colour and shape were variables that depended on the pH (the independent variable), and so by manipulating the pH level, the dependent variables were also manipulated. Solutions with different pH solutions were created in order to manipulate the independent variable. Refer to Table 1 for the ratios needed to create the pH solutions. Note that because tap water’s pH may be different depending on the water supply, it is best to follow Table 1, and test the pH using pH paper. If the pH level is correct, then add more water or acid accordingly. Table 1: Ratios needed for pH solutionspHVolume of Tap WaterVolume of VinegarpH 3None250 mLpH 4500 mL50 mLpH 5500 mL5 mLpH 6500 mLNoneTable 1 shows the volumes of tap water and vinegar needed to make the pH solutions. When the plants grew to the appropriate height, each pot was labelled with the pH level which they would be watered with. Two of the small plats in the small pots would be watered with a pH 3 solution, and so those pots were labelled as â€Å"pH 3†. Two â€Å"pH 3† plants were needed because it produced a result that was extremely different from the other plants, and so the result needed to be confirmed. The plants in the remaining small pots were labelled â€Å"pH 4† and â€Å"pH5†. The medium sized pot was labelled â€Å"Control†, as it would be watered with tap water rather than a diluted acid. The control plants helped emphasize the changes manipulations to the independent variable (the pH level) caused in the dependent variable (the height). Again, two plants were needed for the control in order to confirm the results. After labelling was completed, the data listed in Figure 2 was recorded in the observation table. The height was measured using a ruler. Watering began after the first set of data was recorded. Each plant was watered with the pH solution indicated by their labels. There should be just enough solution to wet the immediate area around the stem of the plant. The plants were watered once (each) every two of three days, and data was  recorded each time the plants were watered. Watering continued for two weeks until 8 sets of data were recorded (data for 8 days). Observations and Results All of the plants except for those watered with a pH 3 solution grew at different rates, resulting from the differences in the pH levels of the solutions used to water the plants. The ‘controlled plants’ (plants watered with tap water) grew much faster than most of the other plants. This represented the growth rate of plants in a ‘normal’ environment in which the independent variable (the pH level of water) has not been manipulated. By comparing the other plants with the controlled plants, a better conclusion can be reached. The growth rate of the other plants can be compared with the growth rate of either controlled plants reflected in Figure 3:Figure 3: The Growth Rate of pH 6 plant BFigure 3 shows the height of pH 6 plant B over the span of two weeks. The controlled plant grew almost exponentially over the span of two weeks. As reflected in Figure 3, Plant B have a slower growth rate near the beginning of the investigation, and towards the middle and near the end, the plant experienced very fast growth. Because this plant was watered with a â€Å"controlled† material (tap water), it is seen as the normal growth of a bean plant. It was hypothesized that the plants watered with a lower pH solution would either die before the other plants would, or would grow much slower than the other plants. As reflected in Table 2, the plants watered with the pH 3 solution began dying within 2 days, while the other plants remained alive. Although the other plants remained alive for the duration other the investigation, the rate of growth still differed from plant to plant. For example, when the investigation began, the pH 5 plant and the pH 4 plant were the same height (refer to Table 2). However, as watering with acids began, the pH 5 plant continued to grow, but the pH 4 plant would remain the same (or around the same) height for almost the entire investigation, and only grew a total of 2 cm at the end of the investigation. The different  between the pH 4 and the pH 5 plants are shown in Figure 4:Figure 4: Comparison of the growth rates of the pH 5 plant and the pH 4 plantFigure 4 shows the height of each plant for each day recorded. Discussion part 1The hypothesis was correct, that the beans watered with the more acidic vinegar died faster. During the process, the bean that was water with pH 3 slowly shrunk and shrivelled up. However, the bean that was water with pH 6 never shrunk or shrivelled, instead it grew the fastest and healthiest. Refer to Table 2, the pattern shown was that the more acidic the solution is, the less likely the plants will survive in that environment. The independent variable (pH levelled solutions) affected the dependent variable (the plants, in this case the beans) as predicted. Due to the low pH level, the beans watered with it gradually shrunk and dried up. In comparison, the beans watered with the higher pH level (pH 6), grew tall and healthy looking. In the end, the independent variable, the pH level affected the growth of the dependent variable, the beans as expected. Discussion part 2The data gathered shows the effect of acid on bean plants. It was hypothesized that the plants watered with an acidic solution would grow slower than the control plant because acid can denature proteins and cause damage to cells and tissue . As hypothesized, the plants watered with a lower pH solution either died very quickly or grew at a much slower rate than the controlled plant. As reflected in the data recorded on the final day of the investigation (Table 2), the closer to neutral the solution the plants were watered with, the taller and faster they grew (as reflected in Figure 5):Discussion part 3Although, the results of the plants in acidity conditions were accurately hypothesized, experimental error may have occurred. Meaning if any experimental errors occurred they have not impacted the results. However, in the process of germination of the bean plants several setbacks aroused. For instance, watering the seeds in the pot may have been too heavy and may have leeched the seed further down the pot causing its death. Other times were where outside interferences may have removed the germinated plants from its pot. Looking at the main procedures of this experiment the lack of supervision of the acids made have weakened or strengthen their pH as outside elements were exposed to them when the  parafilms has ripped or ruptured. This changes the effect of soil pH which is great on the solubility of minerals or nutrients. As fourteen of the seventeen essential plant nutrients are obtained from the soil5. Some plants if shared a pot is another factor that may have affected the results a little as competition for nutrients occurred. Other incidences like providing abundant sunlight to the plants, as the sunlight was mimicked by fluorescent light the plants at the ends may have obtained less light for their process of photosynthesis. Procedural errors may have impacted the results more than instrumental errors; however it was not adequate enough to obtain false results as proven in figure 5. As the purpose of this lab was to simulate actual acid precipitation it relates greatly to the society, economy and the environment. The result of this experiment proves to be a direct impact on the environment as it can ruin or kill off plant vegetation. Starting off from the industries (economy) that pollute the atmosphere with emissions of air pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide that also seriously affect the health in children, the elderly, and people with heart and lung conditions4. It contributes the formation of acid rain which in this case is the objective of the experiment. Our mimics of acid precipitation affect ponds, lakes, and streams that lead to not only the disappearance of vegetation but animal life too. In one case, the sulfuric acid plant discovered to have cost a total of two million dollars charged on DuPont and Lucite International Inc. to the United States and the state of West Virginia on April 2009. Not only have the chemical manufacturing complex made modifications to their plant in 1996 without first obtaining pre-construction permits and installing required pollution control equipment their plant emits 98.7 tons of sulfuric acid mist, 86.1 tons of nitrogen dioxide and 212.4 tons of carbon monoxide that contributes to smog each year4. This experiment provided direct importance to the responds of emissions and pollution even thought it was only the use of vinegar. Figure 5: Comparison of the ‘Final Height† of Each plantFigure 5 shows the height of each plant on the final day of the investigation (May 1st, 2009). Acid likely affects the plants’ health and growth because they could create environments which make denature proteins in the plants. As plants absorb water and nutrients from their roots, protein in plant cells could be exposed to low pH levels. Also, because acids are solutions, they could put the plants in a hypertonic environment in which there are more solutes outside of the cell than solvents. Plant cells undergo osmosis (the diffusion of water) in order to obtain water and nutrients. Osmosis usually occurs down a concentration gradient, meaning that the cell would try to establish homeostasis by diffusing water in or out of the cell to equalize the concentration of each environment. Because there are solutes in the acids used to water the plants, it lowers the concentration of water in the soil. To try and establish homeostasis, the cells would diffuse water out. This environment would cause not only the plant to retain less water than a plant that has been watered with tap water, but it would cause the plant to lose water, causing plasmolysis (in which the cells shrivel). As seen in Figure 5, there are still some inconsistencies in the correlation between plant height and acidity. For example, although Plant A was more neutral than pH 5 Plant, it is shorter. This is a result of several factors: Plant A had germinated later than pH 5, and so would be ‘lagging’ behind in terms of growth, and Plant A also shared a pot with Plant B, which may have competed with Plant A for nutrients and growth room for roots. Although the beans were planted a fair distance apart, roots can grow past that distance. Another inconsistency is that, although acidity level (the number of hydrogen ions released in solution) increase or decrease tenfold per pH level, some levels have growth patterns that are more alike than others, despite the pH difference of only one. For example, the plant watered with a pH 5 solution has experienced 10 times more acidity (10 times more hydrogen ions) than the larger controlled plant (which germinated at around the same time as the pH 5 plant). Despite this, the plants grew at a similar pace, and the difference in their final height is small, as reflected in Figure 6 and Table 2. Figure 6: Comparison of the growth rate of Control Plant B and pH 5 PlantFigure 6 shows the height of each respective plant on the days recorded. pH levels further from neutral have a wider range of effects on the plant, however. The ratio of hydrogen ions in the acid watering the pH 4 Plant and the pH 3 Plants were the same was the ratio between the controlled plant (B) and the pH 5 Plant, but the different in health and growth of the pH 4 Plant and the pH 3 Plants were drastically different, as reflected in Table 2. Although the pH 4 Plant grew much slower than the control plant (B) and the pH 5 Plant, it still remained alive and fairly healthy (as reflected in the â€Å"Shape† and â€Å"Colour† columns of Table 2). The pH 3 Plants, on the other hand, died or began to die only two days after it was watered with pH 3 acid. As reflected in the â€Å"Shape† and â€Å"Colour† columns of Table 2, while the pH 4 Plant maintained its healthy colour and shape, both pH 3 Plants became very shrivelled and the colour became very unsaturated. These results could be explained by experimental error. The pH solutions used to water the plants were unsupervised, and although parafilms were used, they often broke, allowing outside elements to fall into the solution. This could change to pH level of the acids. The solutions were not tested for their acidity aside from the initial preparation for the investigation. This could mean that the pH 5 solution had become less acidic than before, or the pH 3 solution had become more acidic than before. Moreover, acids affect different plants differently . Although all of the plants were of the same species, they could still possess alleles that make them slightly unique from each other. It is possible that these alleles could affect how acid affects the plants’ growth. Rubin, Ken. â€Å"Effect of Acid Rain on Plants.† SOEST| School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. 13 May 2009 . Rubin, Ken. â€Å"Effect of Acid Rain on Plants.† SOEST| School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. 13 May 2009 .  ³ Galbraith, Donald, Leesa Blake, Jean Bullard, Anita Chetty, and Eric Grace. McGraw-Hill Ryerson Biology 11. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, 2001. Print. 4 â€Å"Sulfuric Acid Plant Emissions Cost Dupont and Lucite $2 Million.† Environment News Service 20 Apr 2009 Web.14 May 2009. . 5 â€Å"Soil pH: What it Means.† SUNY-ESF E-Center. 2009. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. 14 May 2009 . 6 Paillai, Maya. â€Å"Plant Growth Process: How does a Plant Grow?.† Buzzle.com. 17 June 2008. 14 May 2009 .

The Extreme Deep Ocean Environment and the Cookiecutter Shark

An environment is the conditions or surroundings in which an organism lives in. An extreme environment has extreme conditions outside of the â€Å"normal range† in which organisms usually survive. These extreme conditions could be things such as very high or very low temperatures, an absence of water or an abundance of water and very high levels of precipitation or very low levels of precipitation. An example of an extreme environment is the deep sea. The sea covers around 71% of the Earth's surface and is sectioned into different ocean zones. The deep sea refers to all ocean zones more than 1,000m below the surface. These zones are; the Bathypelagic zone (Midnight Zone), the Abyssopelagic Zone (The Abyss) and the Hadalpelagic Zone (The Trenches). The different deep ocean zones all have varying extreme conditions that require the organisms which live within them to adapt. One of the creatures that lives in the deep ocean is the Cookiecutter Shark, formerly known as the Cigar Shark. The Cookiecutter Shark lives between the Abyssal and Midnight zones and sometimes climbs to the Twilight Zone. The shark is a parasite which means that it â€Å"eats its prey in units of less than one† and is named after the cookie shaped bites it leaves on its prey. Describe the conditions of the deep ocean zone(s) that require special adaptations for survival of the marine organism. I'm going to be outlining the conditions of the Midnight and Abyssal zones as these are the deep ocean zones in which my chosen organism lives.SunlightIn the Midnight and Abyssal zones there is no sunlight meaning that it is very dark. Most creatures in these zones are dark coloured. The dark colouring acts a camouflage against the darkness of the water to keep the creatures hidden from predators. This increases their chances of survival as it means they are less likely to be found and hunted by predators. Another adaptation that these creatures have is bioluminescence. Bioluminescence is â€Å"the ability to produce light by physiological processes which helps the species lure prey.† If deep sea creatures weren't bioluminescent they would be invisible to prey because of their dark camouflage and would therefore not be able to attract them. Bioluminescence can also serve to produce light in order for creatures to see. Because there is no sunlight in these zones, there are no plants. This is because plants require sunlight to carry out photosynthesis and therefore live. It is extremely difficult to see anything in these deep ocean zones, therefore creatures which live in these zones must have adaptations for their eyes which allow them to see in the dark. Most deep sea creatures have very large eyes and reflective retinas to help them see. They are also helped through the use of bioluminescence as mentioned above.TemperatureThe Midnight and Abyssal zones have a temperature range of 2 – 4 degrees celsius. It is slightly warmer in the Midnight Zone compared to the Abyssal Zone as it is closer to the surface of the water and is therefore closer to sunlight which provides warmth. Most animals in the deep ocean zones travel very slowly because their metabolism is slowed down by the cold temperatures meaning they can't get as much energy as fast as some other creatures in the warmer ocean zones (3 ). Some animals also have fat to stay warm against the very cold conditions.PressureThe pressure of the Abyssal Zone can reach 11,000 psi at times which means that the bodies of the creatures which live there need to adapt so they don't become crushed under the pressure. Most deep sea creatures are made up of liquids that are not easily compressed meaning that they are able to survive under immense pressure. These creatures also have strong bones so that they are not crushed due to the pressure. The pressure is so large because there is tonnes of water pushing down on the organisms which live within the deep ocean. The deeper the ocean zone, the more pressure there is due to the increased weight from above. Describe the adaptations that enable the chosen marine organism(s) to survive in the deep ocean zone(s).Behavioural adaptationsThe Cookiecutter Shark lives between different ocean zones depending on the time of day. During the day, Cookiecutter Sharks stay around 1,000 m – 3,500 m below the surface in the Midnight and Abyssal zones. At night they climb to around 300 m below the surface in the Twilight Zone. The sharks move to shallower waters at night in order to feed. They do this because the shallower ocean zones such as the Twilight Zone, are home to the larger mammals which the Cookiecutter Sharks usually feed on. These include dolphins, whales, tuna and other species of sharks.Structural adaptationsCookiecutter shark is a grey/brown colour with a dark ring around it's gill area and a lighter coloured belly. This adaptation allows the Cookiecutter Shark to remain camouflaged in the darkness of the deep sea environment. Because the shark is camouflaged it means that it can remain hidden from larger predators. This increases the shark's chances of survival. The Cookiecutter Shark is also bioluminescent in order to lure it's prey. The light from the shark's belly attracts larger fish which the Cookiecutter Shark feed on. The dark coloured ring on the throat of the shark, against the glow of the underside of the shark's body, is thought to make the Cookiecutter Shark look like a small fish when viewed from below. The larger prey see this and move in to feed on the seemingly small and harmless fish. This is when the Cookiecutter Shark turns from prey to predator and feeds on the larger creature by leaving cookie cutter shaped holes on the creature's body. The Cookiecutter Shark feeds on larger sea creatures by latching on to them with it's smaller top teeth while cutting the flesh with it's large bottom teeth. The shark spins its body to rip the flesh from it's prey leaving a cookie cutter shaped hole on its body. These bites are not fatal to the prey, but they provide enough nutrition for the Cookiecutter Shark. Because the bites are not fatal and the shark only eats a small part of its prey, they are classified as a kind of parasite. The Cookiecutter shark has adapted to losing all of it's teeth at once as opposed to having only a few fall out a time like other sharks. The teeth are then digested and are thought to increase the levels of calcium in the shark's body which helps keep the shark's bones strong. This is an effective adaptation because it makes sure the shark's bones are strong enough to withstand the immense pressure of the deep sea environment. In order to sea in the dark of the deep ocean, the Cookiecutter Shark has very large eyes on the side of it's head.Physiological adaptationsThe Cookiecutter Shark has an oily liver that is larger compared to the liver of similar sharks. It's large liver makes up around 35% of its total body mass.(1) The Cookiecutter's liver has low density oils which makes the shark able to float in the same place as opposed to sinking to the bottom. This makes the sharks â€Å"neutrally buoyant† meaning they don't float up or down. This allows the shark to save energy because it has no need to constantly swim to avoid sinking. This is good because in the Abyssal and Midnight zones there is not very much food available meaning that energy is very precious and should be saved wherever possible. The adaptations of the liver can also help the shark dive to greater depths. This would be very useful to the Cookiecutter Shark when swimming back down to the Midnight and Abyssal zones after feeding in the Twilight Zone. Explain in detail and analyse how these adaptations work together to allow the marine organism to survive in this extreme environment. In order for the Cookiecutter Shark to survive in this extreme environment, it must have adaptations to withstand the pressure. Two adaptations that work together to do this are; the shark's teeth falling out and the density/size of the liver. The density and size of the liver of the Cookiecutter Shark is a very crucial part of being able to withstand the pressure of the deep ocean. The oil in the liver of the shark is very low density and not easily compressed(3), which combined with the large size of the liver, allows the shark to be able to withstand the immense pressure. As mentioned previously, it is thought that Cookiecutter Sharks lose their bottom teeth and then swallow them in order to increase calcium levels. This increased amount of calcium helps to make the shark's bones stronger meaning that they are less likely to break under pressure. If this didn't happen, the levels of calcium that the shark has would be lower and it's bones would be brittle and easily crushed under the weight and pressure of the deep ocean. These two adaptations both work together to help the Cookiecutter Shark to survive in the Midnight and Abyssal zones. Another set of adaptations that work together to help the Cookiecutter Shark survive in the deep ocean environment are; bioluminescence, camouflage and movement between ocean zones. Because the Cookiecutter Shark lives in such a dark environment it needs to be seen in order to attract prey. The shark does this by using bioluminescence. The underside of the shark lights up against the darkness of the ocean to be seen from below by potential prey. The dark colouring of the shark does the opposite for the shark and keeps it camouflaged. This allows the shark to hide from predators and stay hidden when it moves from the deeper ocean zones to the Twilight Zone during the night. The colour of the shark also makes it seem small when viewed from below by prey. This paired with the bioluminescence fools prey into swimming closer to the shark in the hopes of eating it. When daylight nears, the Cookiecutter Shark then descends back to the Midnight and Abyssal zones where it remains hidden due to its camouflage. Explain in detail anything else that would be relevant to the organism's survival such as how the adaptations allow the marine organism to coexist with other marine organisms in the same ocean zone(s). The adaptation that allows the Cookiecutter Shark to coexist with other marine organisms is the teeth of the shark. This is because the Cookiecutter Shark is a parasite. This means that the shark eats small parts from prey as opposed to eating the entire organism. The shark takes small cookie shaped bites of flesh from the bodies of its prey. This leaves the prey injured but not fatally injured meaning it can live on and recover from the Cookiecutter attack. When I was researching I found it was very difficult to find information about the adaptations of the Cookiecutter Shark that help it coexist with other marine organisms. This means that the Cookiecutter Shark is quite an independent creature and more research needs to be done about the nature and behaviour of this shark.ConclusionThe deep ocean is the largest of many extreme environments on Earth and is home to very many different types of organisms all with their own sets of adaptations which work together to help them survive and coexist with other organisms. The Cookiecutter Shark is one of these deep ocean creatures and although I was able to research enough to write a report about it, more research needs to be done about this mysterious creature.Bibliographyâ€Å"Deep Sea: Cookiecutter Shark – Elasmo-research.† http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/ecology/deepsea-cookiecutter.htm. Accessed 6 Jun. 2018.â€Å"Interesting Facts About the Abyssal Zone That'll Sta rtle †¦ – ScienceStruck.† https://sciencestruck.com/interesting-facts-about-abyssal-zone. Accessed 5 Jun. 2018.â€Å"How Deep Sea Creatures Survive | Water Temperature Ocean †¦ – Fiboni.† 15 Mar. 2013, http://www.fiboni.com/2013/03/the-survival-strategies-of-deep-sea-creatures/. Accessed 6 Jun. 2018.â€Å"Cookiecutter Sharks, Isistius brasiliensis ~ MarineBio.org.† http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=491. Accessed 5 Jun. 2018.â€Å"The Cookiecutter Shark Is A Weird Species Of Shark – Shark Sider.† https://www.sharksider.com/cookiecutter-shark/. Accessed 13 Jun. 2018.

Free Essays on Womens Role In Confucianism And Taoism, Within The Patriarchal Society Of China

Women’s Role in Confucianism and Taoism, Within the Patriarchal Society of China China is an extremely patriarchal society. The female is generally viewed as weak, dark, and subservient whereas the male is viewed as strong, hot, and dominant. Confucianism encourages this patriarchal society by placing the woman in a servant-like role. Contrary to Confucianism, Taoism places the woman in a mysterious, natural form. Although Confucianism and Taoism have opposing views of woman, they also have some similar ideologies. Confucianism describes the relationship between husband and wife to be a master/servant relationship. The male’s role is to protect his wife while the wife’s role is to serve her husband. Confucians live in a partilocal society where the wife moves into the husbands’ home. The wife is to practice selfless virtue and serve her husband. â€Å"Let a woman modestly yield to others; let her respect others, let her put others first, herself last. Should she do something good, let her not mention it; should she do something bad, let her not deny it. Let her bear disgrace; let her even endure when others speak or do evil to her. Always let her seem to tremble and to fear.† (EWBR 193)Contrastingly, in Taoism’s Tao te ching, the female versus male roles are to be an equality of opposites. There is harmony amongst the sexes. There should be balance, not victory over each other. The two sides depend on each other for existence; there is complimentary dualism. The woman is viewed as positive, the essence of creativeness and potentiality for the eternal. Although very opposite in the roles of women in society, Confucianism and Taoism have similar general views of women. The woman is looked at as weak and soft and is associated with the earth where the male is strong and hard and is associated with heaven. These views are analogous yet the meanings behind them are very different. In Confucianism, the Ear... Free Essays on Womens Role In Confucianism And Taoism, Within The Patriarchal Society Of China Free Essays on Womens Role In Confucianism And Taoism, Within The Patriarchal Society Of China Women’s Role in Confucianism and Taoism, Within the Patriarchal Society of China China is an extremely patriarchal society. The female is generally viewed as weak, dark, and subservient whereas the male is viewed as strong, hot, and dominant. Confucianism encourages this patriarchal society by placing the woman in a servant-like role. Contrary to Confucianism, Taoism places the woman in a mysterious, natural form. Although Confucianism and Taoism have opposing views of woman, they also have some similar ideologies. Confucianism describes the relationship between husband and wife to be a master/servant relationship. The male’s role is to protect his wife while the wife’s role is to serve her husband. Confucians live in a partilocal society where the wife moves into the husbands’ home. The wife is to practice selfless virtue and serve her husband. â€Å"Let a woman modestly yield to others; let her respect others, let her put others first, herself last. Should she do something good, let her not mention it; should she do something bad, let her not deny it. Let her bear disgrace; let her even endure when others speak or do evil to her. Always let her seem to tremble and to fear.† (EWBR 193)Contrastingly, in Taoism’s Tao te ching, the female versus male roles are to be an equality of opposites. There is harmony amongst the sexes. There should be balance, not victory over each other. The two sides depend on each other for existence; there is complimentary dualism. The woman is viewed as positive, the essence of creativeness and potentiality for the eternal. Although very opposite in the roles of women in society, Confucianism and Taoism have similar general views of women. The woman is looked at as weak and soft and is associated with the earth where the male is strong and hard and is associated with heaven. These views are analogous yet the meanings behind them are very different. In Confucianism, the Ear...

International Law Essays (421 words) - International Law

International Law Essays (421 words) - International Law International Law International Law International law is the body of legal rules that apply between sovereign states and such other entities as have been granted international personality (status acknowledged by the international community). The rules of international law are of a normative character, that is, they prescribe towards conduct, and are potentially designed for authoritative interpretation by an international judicial authority and by being capable of enforcement by the application of external sanctions. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, which succeeded the Permanent Court of International Justice after World War II. Article 92 of the charter of the United Nations states: The International Court of justice shall be the principal judicial organ of the United nations. It shall function in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter. The commands of international law must be those that the states impose upon themselves, as states must give consent to the commands that they will follow. It is a direct expression of raison d'etat, the interests of the state, and aims to serve the state, as well as protect the state by giving its rights and duties. This is done through treaties and other consensual engagements which are legally binding. The case-law of the ICJ is an important aspect of the UN's contribution to the development of international law. It's judgements and advisory opinions permeates into the international legal community not only through its decisions as such but through the wider implications of its methodology and reasoning. The successful resolution of the border dispute between Burkina Faso and Mali in the 1986 Frontier Dispute case illustrates the utility of judicial decision as a means of settlement in territorial disputes. The case was submitted to a Chamber of the ICJ pursuant to a special agreement concluded by the parties in 1983. In December 1985, while written submissions were being prepared, hostilities broke out in the disputed area. A cease-fire was agreed, and the Chamber directed the continued observance of the cease-fire, the withdrawal of troops within twenty days, and the avoidance of actions tending to aggravate the dispute or prejudice its eventual resolution. Both Presidents publicly welcomed the judgement and indicated their intention to comply with it. In the Fisheries Jurisdiction case (United Kingdom v. Iceland , 1974) the ICJ contributed to the firm establishment in law of the idea that mankind needs to conserve the living

Free sample - The Twenties Modernism Vs Traditionalism. translation missing

The Twenties Modernism Vs Traditionalism. The Twenties Modernism Vs TraditionalismIntroduction This decade (1920-1929) is also known as the 'Roaring Twenties ' and sometimes as the 'Jazz age'. This is a period with a huge number of developments in the United States, first of all, there was the economic boom, and this was a post war effect of the First World War. The decade was graced with a spell of economic prosperity. In the early years of this decade, America realized that they have huge urbanized settings than rural. This was also the time when there was prohibition in the United States causing rise of criminals and criminal families such as Al Capone and the Chicago outfit. During this decade, baseball was the major sport and this was when the immigration act was passed. This is also when women were allowed to vote in the nation and work so there was a rather large number of women in work areas.1 Modernism versus Traditionalism During that decade the generation of youth began behaving differently than was previously seen as the norm. Youths lived in the urban areas and mostly led brush (fast-paced) lives. This new trait that was developing altogether is what is being referred to as modernism now and the traits that were left in order to adopt this new life standard is known as traditionalism. Before modernism, the elders stayed in the rural areas and lead quiet and deliberate lives. In order for us to see both sides of the coin of this argument we should try to understand these two groups of individuals. We must consider this in the light of how they saw each other in what areas and what makes them different. These areas are Urban and Rural, Evolutionist and Creationist, Youthful and Aged, The Alcohol debate (prohibition), The radio and Car effects. URBAN VS RURAL: during this time America was at the peak of urbanization trend that began around fifty2 years earlier and for the first time the nation was seen as more urban than rural. The modernists of this time preferred the fast-paced lifestyle. The time was characterized by a huge influx of population to the cities. The cities offered their thoughts to the traditionalists who were backward people at that time and were against development and that they lived their lives based on very thin margins of thinking and they were not open to change. The traditionalists at the time preferred the quiet life in the countryside and the farms. Generally the rural people had their own opinions about the modernists who lived in the cities; they considered them immoral due to their dressing styles and other character traits and since the modernists were more in the cities and business was prosperous they saw the modernists as people too much into money and materialistic values. EVOLUTIONIST AND CREATIONISTS: The modernists at the time started drifting away from the norm and beliefs of religion. They no more accept the known doctrines that the world was created by a deity which was a strong belief of traditionalists; modernists started becoming more liberal and started accepting explanations that the world, as we know it, was evolved as stated by the biological concept of evolution.3 This concept says that any living creature is bound by time and develop with the passage of time; this means the creatures become better in their later generations. This also caused a major trial4 (the Scope’s trial) which happened in 1925 in the state of Tennessee in which a teacher, John Scope was accused of teaching the concept of evolution to his students. The teacher was found guilty but the trial ruling was overturned due to a problem in the prosecutions side. The traditionalists preferred to stick to religion and its doctrines at the time. They stay within the boun daries and teachings of bible and believed that the world was created by God and that evolution was a myth and that the opinion that humans came from monkeys (as dictated by the theory of evolution) is untrue and it should not be taught to students as it is misleading and would derail the generation away from their roots and culture as they literally are considered to be the gospel. Thus traditionalist were against it. YOUTH AND ELDERS/ADULTS: In this period it was the youths that mainly look to the modernist lifestyle. At the time, the youth gave precedence to certain objects that the elders did not see as necessary. Youths loved cars and the fast lives. They court around not to find spouses but just to have fun. Youths also desired life that gave off an air of independence and this they can only find in the cities and urban areas where one had to be a bit unscrupulous in order to get along. The women youth of the time came to be known as flappers due to their dressing habits, they wore short dresses and dyed their hair; this was the fashion at the time. They also wore make up which was not the norm. The elderly at the time are the ones who had the traditionalist aspect in them. They preferred life that gave them a sense of community and security which was mainly found in the rural and farm areas. They saw the youth of the time as being careless and immoral; the traditionalists had a more conserva tive dressing style, a more modest living and even speaking style. Even in the art that the traditionalists preferred it was more modest and subtle. THE ALCOHOL FACTOR: This also falls into the realm of prohibition5 also know as the 'noble experiment'. This was a period in which United States government had banned any activity that involved alcohol in its borders as in the transport, manufacture and sale of alcohol was banned within the United States borders.   Now even though this was the situation in the country, alcohol still did play a major role in the modernist vs. traditionalist agenda, after all, alcohol was still available mainly by means of crime lords and families such as that of Al Capone and the Chicago outfit. Modernists saw alcohol as an element that provided personal freedom. This was a complete paradox of what the traditionalists believed: they said that alcohol caused crimes and broke apart families and that where there was no alcohol people were generally happier and healthier. This period caused the aforementioned crime outfits to prosper even though alcohol was later legalized in 1933. EFFECTS OF THE RADIO: In 1923, there was a frenzy about radio and by the end of that year there was close to six hundred radio stations and close to half a million households in the nation possessed radio sets; whereas in 1922, there was less than a hundred thousand sets. Thus, within a short while it seemed as though radio was all everyone was doing because almost all organizations that were worth mentioning had radio stations. This provided a sure quick fire resulted in easy access to information. Spreading ad and promotions becomes easier. In addition to information, radio also provided entertainment. This changed lifestyle preferred by the modernists is what is totally different from the lifestyle followed by traditionalists. Traditionalist think modernist as leaving their norms behind, whereas young traditionalist thinks modernist’s lifestyle as attractive. Thus, it has been said that the Twenties were shaped by a clash of culturesmodernist versus traditional. This was an era shaped by two groups of people different in almost everything, whether it is their thoughts or their dressing style, their religion beliefs or their general lifestyle. Two cultures were coming face to face thus there were clashes plus acceptances. Thus people always give this argument that that time was a time of cultural clash.    Bibliography: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Paul Sann, The Lawless Decade(Dover Publication: New York 1970). 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"A GODLIKE PRENSENCE †: the impact of radios in 1920s and 1930s 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wayne Curtis, Bootleg Paradise (American heritage: may/April 2007). 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Barth , The Friday Book(G. P. Putnam's Sons:1984). 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Carneiro Robert, Evolutionism in Cultural Anthropology: A Critical History(Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 2003).

Distracted Driving in The United States Research Paper

Distracted Driving in The United States - Research Paper Example Various laws and legislations have been implemented in different states of US but this still remains an uphill task for the states. Various new recommendations and options are coming up in the shape of laws. Slowly and gradually this problem will be overcome by introducing safety measures and educating the youngsters. There have been incidents of mobile usage that resulted in loss of lives. There was a high school girl Alex Brown who lost her life to texting while driving. So her parents are eager to create awareness of texting while driving after losing their daughter. Her parents have made a website for educating people on distractions caused by texting while driving (â€Å"Remember Alex Brown foundation†). Chirping mobile phones are less expected to make flying dangerous. It endangers the lives of other onboard passengers. Comparatively danger is more on ground and these electronic devices have killed people on the roads. As per the department of transportation, chatting dr ivers are exposed four times to a crash. If we compare the reaction of an alcohol drunk driver with a driver using mobile phone then the distraction from a cell phone using driver slows and equals to a legally drunk individual (Carlson). Texting while driving is more dangerous than texting while driving. Looking down on any object or receiving and sending messages during driving is foolish. According to research carried out at Virginia Tech Institute, a driver takes his eyes off the road for approximately 5 seconds while sending or reading a text message. In this time, driver covers about length of a football field at 55 mph (Carlson). If we observe handling of mobile phone while driving then it is clear that it attracts total attention of drier. While reading text it catches visual attraction. Physical distraction is there when one is holding the phone in hand and mental distraction when concentrating on the material it shows on screen. So, it takes complete attention of the driver (Simon). Today the number one reason of auto accidents is distracted driving. The percentage has touched the alarming stage in recent past. Distracted driving has become the number one safety concern of road driving. Transportation secretary named distracted driving as â€Å"epidemic†. Now Toyota motors is spending about 50 million US dollars on research on issues associated with distracted driving. They named it as â€Å"growing cause of accidents.† National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) released some facts and figures at the end of conference which shows that more than 5800 people died and about 515000 were injured last year due to distracted driving. Other studies show that technological advancement has proven to be a major factor in traffic accidents (O’ Donnell). Statistics also show that texting has become the most accurate and very famous form of communication. People send or receive about 110 billion text messages per month. According to a survey, about 11 percent of teens have admitted the habit of texting during driving. Other reason for popularity of texting is that it is very short. That is why drivers believe it is the quickest form of communication from behind the wheels. Studies do not confirm this mind set rather it is proved that how exposed one is to accident while texting during driving. Even at slower speed the risk of accident is high (O’ Donnell). The Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) has gathered data regarding

Theories Of International Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories Of International Relations - Assignment Example The theory says that all states are equal, and no state can purport to direct the affairs of another country (Slaughter, pp 2-7). Due to this independence from each other, the states are never interested in the happenings of another state. This theory can be seen as a classic case of self-preservation by the individual states. Therefore, one state can never subordinate its needs or interest, or jeopardize its interest be they economic or political in favor of another state's interest. Each state will, therefore, do all it can to put itself in a position where it can protect itself from extinction. The theory further shows that there is little trust between and among states to assist each other in the event of a crisis (Walts, P.27). Constructivism is a theory that is based on interest and objects of states in the world. Unlike neorealism of s. Constructivism to of is by of in of theirs. It is not; therefore, a case of utilitarianism but one for shared goals. The theory explains that there are many reasons why states will cooperate with each other. For instance where the security country in jeopardy the other countries likely assist in that state and evidence that and the supporting states acting self-preservation (Behrahesh, para 5-7). Ministry of defense (2014) show that as the times change, there will be more insecurity will as a result of state attaching a lot of importance to the ideologies on the two issues. The states will tend to be more independent and therefore engage in detrimental activities. The states will tend to be more defensive, and the role of the UN will be peripheral as states attempt to safeguard their position. This would be a manifestation of neorealism where each state formulates its ideologies regardless of the effect it may have on the states (Ministry of defense, 2014 pp, 16).  Ã‚  

Move for Opportunity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Move for Opportunity - Essay Example The author also talks about the issues that the move for opportunity tends to create and how the moves can create not only physical stress but also a strong element of emotional distress as well. The author has not only focused on the affects of the relocation on the person but has moved a step ahead to also consider the effects of the relocation on the families. The needs of the families and how the attractive relocation packages can seem to be very beneficial yet not be as useful as to be able to provide the families with the best and the life that they need to give up for the package. There has also been noted by experts that these opportunities have proven to be very beneficial for the country as well. At the John Holland Group, HR [Human Resources] manager Darren Nelson agrees. ‘It’s these opportunities that have built both this country and people’s careers.’ He points to Karratha, WA, as the well-publicised focal point for opportunities created by skills shortages and a resources boom. ‘I know people moving here from the east who will have a 110 per cent salary increase.’ The article presented by Fran Cusworth is a very effective article to help people think about the options of relocating their job for the purpose of newer opportunities. This section will deal with an analysis of the article. The article will be analyzed under six main heading. This is as in the sub section below: i) Overall Effectiveness: The author has discussed the article in a advisory fashion to bring up a strong light on the issues as well as benefits of relocation packages that are provided by the recruiters and the relocation specialists. The intended audiences are the individuals due to have relocation and also families of these people. The overall article is straight forward with a very strong tone that has been used. The author has brought about a number of details like the affects of a failed move and how much it could affect the individuals

Research Methods Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Methods - Coursework Example The value of the statistic is too small and the probability is too high to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, from the F-test we conclude that all coefficients could be jointly equal to zero. (ii) H0:?2=0 against H0:?2?0 using a significance level of 0.05 Since the alternative hypothesis is that of non-equality but no direction (greater or less than) is specified, the test will be two tailed. The computed t- statistic is equal to -2.66937 which is greater in terms of absolute value than the two-tailed 5% critical value of 2.018 (given the number of observations and variables, the degrees of freedom are 42), we reject the null hypothesis that the coefficient of 1990 GDP per-capita is not statistically significantly different from zero. (iii) H0:?3=0 against H0:?3>0 using a significance level of 0.05 Since here the alternative hypothesis is of the greater than type, the test will be right tailed. For the given number of observations and variables, the critical one sided 5% t value is 1. 682. Our computed t-value is 2.598522 which is greater than the critical value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected at 5% level of confidence. This implies that we have statistical evidence of secondary enrollment having a positive impact on GDP growth. (iv) H0:?7=0 against H0:?7>0 using a significance level of 0.1 Again, the alternative is of the greater than type, implying a right tailed test. The critical 1% t-value is 2.418. From the table above, we find that the computed t-statistic is 1.50471. Since this is smaller than the critical value, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, we fail to find any evidence that credit ratio has any statistically significant impact on GDP growth. Therefore, we find a contradiction between our conclusions in (i) and (ii). While in (i) we fail to reject the notion that all the coefficients on the predictor variables are jointly zero, we reject the hypothesis that the coefficient on the first explanatory variable, the 1990 percap ita GDP is zero. But if this is true then (i) should have rejected the null in favour of the alternative which requires atleast one of the coefficients to be non-zero. Typically, such contradictions arise because of the violation of one or more of the basic assumptions underlying OLS estimation. Particularly, if there are outliers that distort the estimates, then such contradictory results can emerge. 3. Advice for choosing between alternative spending From the fitted model in the previous part we have found that secondary enrolment has a positive impact on GDP growth as does the private credit ratio. Infact the coefficients are quite close though that of private credit ratio is slightly lower. However, only the former is statistically significant. This implies that there is no evidence of increases in private credit ratio having any impacts on the GDP growth. Therefore I would recommend investing the sum of money on policy measures that will increase the country’s rate of en rolment in secondary education. 4. Diagnostics for evaluating the validity

Long day's journey into night Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Long day's journey into night - Research Paper Example O’Neill brings out the role of men and women in the society at that time and the difference between the father and his sons. The issue of gender and especially feminism is focused in the play through the life of Mary, who also happens to be the structural center of the play. A deeper analysis reveals that Eugene portrays Mary in a manner that she has many troubles and has many weaknesses evidenced by the use of morphine. She is being seen as irresponsible mother who cannot quite the addition. In addition, it is evident at times when James and Jamie talk alone and on the arrival of Mary, they shut up. The evidence concerning the fact that they are to be the only persons is from the fact that she is the one who can handle issues since they believe as seen in the statement, â€Å"Ive always believed Jamie did it on purpose. He was jealous of the baby. He hated him.† (2.2.103) (Eugen and Neill 103). James showed man character when he told Mary to forget the past. This is demonstrated by how strong he is and could forget the past. In addition, James Tyrone characters confirm feminism through his appearance and personality. It is evident that the story evolves around him as the head of the family but later we see the role of the woman becomes necessary when it comes to reliance and love. On the other hand, O’Neill uses Mary to show the â€Å"struggles that women go through in their daily lives† (Porter 80). Mary is described as a beautiful woman who takes up her role as a mother despite the addiction and other challenges that she has to overcome. For that reason, Mary started using morphine and got addicted to it after she had difficulty and was not treated well at the birth of her youngest son Edmond. Mary is also depicted as a tragic woman who is different from what she used to be in the past. She was innocent, beautiful and used to have dreams of becoming a Catholic nun a pianist. She also had strong religious faith in God.

Research Methods Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Methods - Coursework Example The value of the statistic is too small and the probability is too high to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, from the F-test we conclude that all coefficients could be jointly equal to zero. (ii) H0:?2=0 against H0:?2?0 using a significance level of 0.05 Since the alternative hypothesis is that of non-equality but no direction (greater or less than) is specified, the test will be two tailed. The computed t- statistic is equal to -2.66937 which is greater in terms of absolute value than the two-tailed 5% critical value of 2.018 (given the number of observations and variables, the degrees of freedom are 42), we reject the null hypothesis that the coefficient of 1990 GDP per-capita is not statistically significantly different from zero. (iii) H0:?3=0 against H0:?3>0 using a significance level of 0.05 Since here the alternative hypothesis is of the greater than type, the test will be right tailed. For the given number of observations and variables, the critical one sided 5% t value is 1. 682. Our computed t-value is 2.598522 which is greater than the critical value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected at 5% level of confidence. This implies that we have statistical evidence of secondary enrollment having a positive impact on GDP growth. (iv) H0:?7=0 against H0:?7>0 using a significance level of 0.1 Again, the alternative is of the greater than type, implying a right tailed test. The critical 1% t-value is 2.418. From the table above, we find that the computed t-statistic is 1.50471. Since this is smaller than the critical value, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, we fail to find any evidence that credit ratio has any statistically significant impact on GDP growth. Therefore, we find a contradiction between our conclusions in (i) and (ii). While in (i) we fail to reject the notion that all the coefficients on the predictor variables are jointly zero, we reject the hypothesis that the coefficient on the first explanatory variable, the 1990 percap ita GDP is zero. But if this is true then (i) should have rejected the null in favour of the alternative which requires atleast one of the coefficients to be non-zero. Typically, such contradictions arise because of the violation of one or more of the basic assumptions underlying OLS estimation. Particularly, if there are outliers that distort the estimates, then such contradictory results can emerge. 3. Advice for choosing between alternative spending From the fitted model in the previous part we have found that secondary enrolment has a positive impact on GDP growth as does the private credit ratio. Infact the coefficients are quite close though that of private credit ratio is slightly lower. However, only the former is statistically significant. This implies that there is no evidence of increases in private credit ratio having any impacts on the GDP growth. Therefore I would recommend investing the sum of money on policy measures that will increase the country’s rate of en rolment in secondary education. 4. Diagnostics for evaluating the validity

The popular crowd (summary and response) Assignment

The popular crowd (summary and response) - Assignment Example According to his study of Narcissism Personality Index it is revealed that American teenagers are highly narcissist. He also explores BIGR ( bask in reflection glory) in relevance to life of a personal assistant to celebrity Annie Brent well. In final section the author travels to Pittsburgh where he meets diehard fans of Rod Stewart and realizes the obsession for fame has taken over the country. It is unfortunate to understand the impression the celebrities can have on growing children. In adolescence their psyche is tender enough to be manipulated and obsession with celebrities can bring about adversities in youngsters. The media has a big hand in such a narcissist attitude among American teenagers as it consistently promotes celebrity- oriented shows. The society conveys to the children that being popular make life easy .Such social conditioning is dangerous and can hamper the life of teenagers. The parents and school authorities need to create awareness among children to be realistic about their future and have set goals. The author has been justifiable in his discussions and celebrity obsession is a fact among American

Indigenous Peoples Essay Example for Free

Indigenous Peoples Essay The peak of the globalization is mostly felt when every culture around the world is integrated into a centrally focused ideal that encapsulates each unique cultural set-up practiced around the world. When all these cultures are somehow connected in something that both caters to each need of the various cultures of people and introduces an open understanding and tolerance to all the available sub-cultures within a particular state or nation, there is no question that globalization has taken its effect to its most fundamentally successful level. Such is the case after reading the book A Global History of Indigenous Peoples by Ken S. Coates that, according to some reviews, â€Å"examines the history of the indigenous/tribal peoples of the world and the work spans of the period from the pivotal migrations which saw the peopling of the world, and further examines the processes by which tribal peoples established themselves as separate from surplus-based and more material societies (Barnes and Noble). † The book is also a successful introduction to how the impact of the differing policies of global struggles of cultural domination takes place in the world and how the colonization of these changes has impacted the indigenous cultures. As a form of analysis in the chapter of the book entitled Continuing the Struggle: Indigenous Protests, Legal Agendas, and Aboriginal Internationalism, it would be great to highlight how the impact of globalization made the integration of the different indigenous cultures in some leading countries successful. In this aspect, no country is better to analyze and cite as an example than the great cultural history of the indigenous rights movement in Canada. Moreover, the analysis in this given area should focus both on how the indigenous rights movement in Canada has been integrated into the globalization integration of cultures and to how this degree has been made manifest in the uniqueness of the indigenous rights culture of the particular state. Secondly, an analysis on how this uniqueness has been able to relate to the international scenario of protests and processes that are forming the cultural integration of all the major cultures practiced in our time, is also very important. Degree of the Indigenous rights Movement in Canada When we discuss the indigenous rights movement in Canada, the most immediate things we can think about and can connect to the book of Ken S. Coates are the aboriginal nature of Canadians to value the basic human right of living, the practice of democracy in their lifestyle and the value of the self-respect and integrity among their people. In the first indigenous rights movement, the main concern is essentially concentrated on the discrimination shown by the non-indigenous people to the basic rights of living of the indigenous ones. This is mostly felt by the Canadians in the aspect of their housing plans and the way they construct and develop the indigenous livelihood and community. With this problem, the degree of the indigenous rights movement in Canada is in a level so widespread, that it has already caught the attention of the United Nations. In this aspect alone, it could be said that the indigenous rights movement in Canada has been made unique because of its unrelenting value for the preservation of the rights of indigenous living. The second indigenous rights movement that is unique to Canadians is mostly concerned with the practice of democracy in the lifestyle of the indigenous people. The Amnesty International Canada article report laying out the legislative proposals for the respect of the rights of the Indigenous rights of Canadians is one of the great examples on how this movement is unique to the Canadians living an indigenous lifestyle. (Amnesty International Website) The third indigenous rights movement that has created a certain level of high degree of respect and practice among the indigenous Canada is the respect for the rights of women and the condemning of any type of human abuse. This indigenous rights movement is one of those unique Canadian struggles that have been recognized so greatly by the world, the U. N. even made sure that these new requests by the indigenous people would become part of the new legislation addressing indigenous rights across the globe. Connection to broader international protests and processes In a great general approach, it would be safe to say that these unique indigenous rights movement have been so great and effective in attempting to universalize all the other international protests on human rights, that many of the breakthrough movements across the world have already used these ideas as an ideal platform for all future proposals of addressing indigenous rights. One of the many examples we can cite for this connection is the creation of the Indigenous people’s legislation concerning the ratification of ILO Convention 169 (the Indigenous and Tribal peoples) of the United Nations. This, along with the many global movements in addressing the global challenge of integrating indigenous cultures across the globe, is a significant international political process that, among many other things, gives light to the many demands of universalizing the indigenous rights of people in different nations. Secondly, it would also be great to highlight that many of the legislation found in the proposals advancing the rights of ownership, the respect for the rights of women and the anti-discrimination act of Canadian indigenous communities have also become great tools in understanding the great resolution of the differing conflicts between the different religions globally that have been caused by the great misunderstanding of cultures. These are the clear international process that have been caused by the Canadian indigenous rights movement.

Eliminating Physician Oversight for APRNs in Texas

Eliminating Physician Oversight for APRNs in Texas The recent passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the effort to provide healthcare for every American is expected to create a large influx of citizens seeking primary care providers. The current demand for primary care services has already burdened most states with a projection of more than 16 million individuals gaining health coverage by 2016, with a projection in Texas of more than 4.2 million (Schiff, 2012). Advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) possess the training, experience and expertise in providing primary care services and can be part of the solution in solving shortages, but face unnecessary restrictions in Texas. Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) are nurses possessing masters, post-masters or doctoral level education. An APRN holds national certification and in Texas is licensed by the state Board of Nursing (BON) (CNAP, 2013). A wealth of evidence suggests that APRNs have the skills and expertise to perform many of the primary care services that physicians perform with an equal or higher patient satisfaction rate (Humphries, 2007). The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has criticized states laws that prevented APRNs from practicing to the full extent of their training (2011). Therefore, removing these restrictions, will permit APRNs in Texas is a practical solution to help meet this shortage. In addition, APRNs will also enhance health delivery efficiency and provide economic benefit as well for Texas by creating nearly 100,000 permanent jobs for the state of Texas (Perryman, 2013). Action needs to be taken to remove restrictions that are preventing or delaying APRNs from caring for Texans. As the population of Texas grows, this problem will only be compounded to a system that is already inadequate and overloaded. The laws and regulations concerning APRNs scope of practice varies by state, with 16 states permitting full practice authority, without physician oversight. This permits APRNs to practice to the full extent of their training. The remaining states (34) require some degree of physician oversight and involvement. States with only minimal restrictions have not reported any increased threat to patient safety (Texas Public Policy Foundation, 2013). Texas is one of the remaining states with a high level of oversight. Recent research indicates that APNs who live in states that allow full practice authority give more care (IOM, 2011). By removing these unnecessary restrictions, more NPs will be able to meet the healthcare needs of Texans. Texas Public Policy Foundation (2013) reports that of Texas’s 254 counties, only 23 have an adequate number of healthcare professionals to serve their populations. In addition almost 90% of rural Texas counties are considered partially or completely underserved. Twenty-five Texas counties have no physicians at all and it is estimated that 20% of Texans (3.3 million) do not have access to a primary care provider. As the provisions of our national healthcare law go into effect we can expect this to worsen with an anticipated shortage of 44,000 to 46,000 primary care providers nationally by 2025. The severe PCP shortage has also been affected by a shrinking medical school enrollment and a decrease in the number of students choosing primary care as a specialty (Texas Public Policy Foundation, 2013). Utilizing the expertise of APRNs as for primary care can lead to a more efficient delivery system that will provide significant savings. This would create almost 100,000 new permanent jobs by 2020, increase annual economic output (gross product) by $8 billion, and 16.1 billion in total expenditures within Texas (Perryman, 2013). In addition, this would stimulate the economy with yearly tax receipts of 483.9 million to the state of Texas and $233.2 million to local governments. These projections would be expected to rise each decade. Many studies over the last 40 years have indicated that APRNs are able to provide safe, high quality and low cost primary care to their patients (Perryman, 2013). Studies also indicate that patients report a similar if not better experience when they receive primary care from APRNs vs. physicians, and often at a lower cost (Brown Grimes, 1992). In a research study of Medicaid patients, the cost- effectiveness of utilizing APRNs was evident as patients re ceived the same high quality of care as physicians, while providing a discount of 8% from physician rates (Perryman, 2013). Failure to make the necessary changes to our healthcare delivery system in Texas will result in a worsening of the primary care shortage compounded by the provisions of the affordable healthcare law and the influx of newly insured individuals (Schiff, 2012). In addition to restrictions this places on accessibility to primary care services, there is a potential for a rise in the already inflated healthcare costs for services (Perryman, 2013). Changes in legislation are needed to address the removal of physician oversight restrictions on APRNs and to allow full practice authority in Texas. APRNs possess the training and experience to necessary to provide primary care services to Texas citizens and should be allowed to practice to the full extent of their education and training (IOM, 2011). This is vital and the best practical solution for addressing the healthcare needs of Texans. Political Environmental Scan Timing The Coalition of Nurses in Advanced Practice (CNAP) has been working to improve the recognition, reimbursement, and utilization of APRNs since 1991. Their efforts have accelerated legislative policies for this cause (CNAP, 2013). The most recent legislative action put into effect in November 2013 was SB 406 in which a collaborative agreement was made among APRNs and medical groups. This bill was unanimously passed by both the House and the Senate of the 83rd Texas legislature. The bill expanded the number of APRN’s/PA’s that a physician can supervise, eliminated any limit for medically underserved populations, reduced the number of face-to-face meeting with the physicians, and permitted these to be done via video web conferencing. In addition the new law lifts restrictions on prescriptive authority in regard to site–based restrictions and introduces a Prescriptive Authority Agreement (PAA) (Nelson, 2013). Further clarifications are still needed related to the SB 406, in particular on issues related to contracting problems with certain managed care organizations (CNAP, 2013). It is the ANA’s and CNAP’s position that removing barriers of APRN’s is a vital measure that must be taken to promote universal accessibility of healthcare especially in light of current healthcare reform goals (Hutto, 2013). The Texas legislature (84th) will meet again in regular session beginning January 2015 for 140 days. The CNAP continues to work on new legislative agenda during the interim. Since the last legislative session addressed these issues, it is unlikely this topic will be a priority for the 84th session. General elections are slated for November 2014, so the exact makeup of the next legislature is unknown, however, the Republican party has had a stronghold on both the Executive branch as well as the Legislative branch for the last decade and is likely to continue (UT Austin, 2009). Relationships/Reputation Political relationships have been formed between nursing organizations like the CNAP and Texas legislators and include lobbyists who discuss these important issues. This coalition of advanced nursing organizations includes all statewide APN organizations. Their focus is to expand prescriptive authority, ensure clinical privileging, increasing third party reimbursement, improve the recognition of APN’s, and keep APN’s informed on laws and regulations (CNAP, The major stakeholders are the organizations and groups that have a vested interest in the issue. APRN’s will most definitely benefit from the elimination of oversight since it will allow them to practice to their full potential. Hospitals, insurers and managed care facilities will also benefit from cost savings and improved quality of patient-centered care. In addition, the taxpayers and the State of Texas will benefit from the decreased healthcare costs and increased economic output (Perryman, 2012). The stakeholders with opposing viewpoints include the AMA, Texas Medical Association (TMA), Texas Academy of Family Physicians, American Society of Anesthesiologists, and American Academy of Pediatricians. These groups will most likely continue to resist changes that they feel infringe on their scope of practice and will be reluctant to agree to the removal of barriers that restrict APRNs from practicing to their full potential (CNAP, 2013). Resources Much research has been done to support this issue and according to the CNAP, there is no evidence that patient outcomes in states that mandate physician delegation are better than in states where APRNs are allowed to practice independently (CNAP, 2013). In a review of literature by Brady (2000), comparisons were made regarding the performance of nurse practitioners and physicians on three key patient outcome measures: patient satisfaction, health status, and service utilization. Researchers investigated the primary care given by NPs using the traditional medical model and found no difference in effectiveness or quality when compared to that of physicians (Brady, 2000). To support advancement of this issue, several other organizations are also lobbying for these proposed changes. These include organizations like the ANA and the Veterans Administration (VA), who are pushing for policy changes. The VA has in fact revised its nursing handbook, allowing APRNs to practice as independent practitioners throughout the Veteran’s Health Administration system, even in states where laws require physician oversight (ANA, 2014). The ANA has supported this change within the VA system, since the change is congruent with the 2010 Institute of Medicine’s recommendation that nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training (ANA, 2014). On the state level, the TNA supports the elimination of MD oversight of APRNs as well. According to the TNA, removal of practice barriers for APRNs will alleviate the shortage of primary care providers, especially in rural areas (TNA, 2014). Communication Several media platforms can be utilized to creating public awareness of an APRN’s role and as a viable option for primary care. These can be used to increase public awareness and gain support for the removal of the practice restrictions currently in place in Texas. An increased public awareness can also assist the policy process by creating grass-roots approaches to this issue. The use of PSA’s via social media sites can encourage the general public to send emails, letters, and support for candidates, nursing organizations and action committees that work to advance the nursing agenda. A media strategy has been proposed to include the following communication tools: 1) a PSA using a PowerPoint delivered via popular media sites like YouTube that can provide public information regarding the need for immediate changes to this health policy issue and can encourage support, 2) a social media approach utilizing a Facebook page for the same intent, and 3) a pamphlet/flyer to be distributed to Texas US Senators and Members of the House, outlining the key talking points and urging support for the policy changes and future legislation on the issue. (See Appendix A for links) Included in each of the different media strategies, key aspects will be addressed using these talking points: What is the role, education and training of an APRN? What is the impact of the ACA on the existing shortage of primary care providers in Texas? How will allowing full practice authority for APRNs benefit Texas? The recent passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) is expected to create a large influx of citizens seeking primary care providers. The current demand for primary services has already burdened most states with a projection of more than 16 million individuals gaining health coverage by 2016, with projections in Texas of more than 4.2 million. Advanced practice nurses (APRN) possess the training, experience, and expertise in providing primary care services. The Institute of Medicine has urged states, like Texas, to change laws that place unnecessary restrictions on APRNs, as part of a solution to these shortages. Removing these restrictions will allow APRNs to be more fully utilized in Texas to serve the healthcare needs of Texans. As the population of Texas grows, the efficiency of a healthcare system that is already inadequate and overloaded will worsen. Reports indicate that of Texas’s 254 counties, only 23 have an adequate number of healthcare professionals to serve their populations. Nearly 90% of rural Texas counties are considered partially or completely underserved. Furthermore, 20% of Texans (3.3 million) do not have access to a primary care provider. As the provisions of our national healthcare law go into effect we can expect this to worsen with an anticipated shortage of 44,000 to 46,000 primary care providers by 2025. The severe physician shortage has also been affected by a shrinking medical school enrollment and fewer opting for a primary care specialty. APRNs can enhance health delivery efficiency and provide economic benefit by creating nearly 100,000 permanent jobs by 2020, increase annual economic output (gross product) by $8 billion, and 16.1 billion in total expenditures within Texas. This would also stimulate the economy with yearly tax receipts of 483.9 million to the state of Texas and $233.2 million to local governments by 2020, with projections continuing to rise every decade. A large number of studies indicate that patients have similar if not better experience when they receive primary care from APRNs vs. physicians and often at a lower cost. In the US, 33 states grant APRNs the freedom to diagnose and prescribe, 11 without physician collaboration. Failure to make changes in Texas will result in a worsening of the primary care shortage, compounded by the influx of newly insured individuals. In addition, there is a potential for an increase in the already inflated healthcare costs for services. Please support legislation that addresses the removal of physician oversight restrictions on APRNs currently in place in Texas. APRNs possess the training and experience necessary to provide primary care services to Texas citizens and should be allowed to practice to the full extent of their education and training. This is vital and the best practical solution for addressing the healthcare needs of Texans.

Essay example --

The Rise, the Fall, and the Climbing: The Native American Experience Education: â€Å"the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life.† Such a term has different applications to various societies and cultures. The typical ego-centric viewpoint of Western education: textbooks, institutions, curriculums, and degrees overshadow the broader sense of this definition. Education captures a wider lens of more than just standardized test scores and the classroom; but interwoven tapestries of ancestral roots, cultural heritage awareness, and life lessons well-learned and passed on to the next generation of Native American boys and girls. To begin with, the branding of ‘gender inequality’ was inapplicable to men and women in various Aboriginal tribes. In fact, they could be described as a kinship with mutual contribution and expectance. Men were responsible for hunting and defense; therefore they were public representatives of their tribes. Women, on the other hand, functioned as the ‘backbone’ of the community, owning the family’s housing and household goods, farming and gathering of foodstuffs, and even serving as members of the counsel in political matters. Such opportunities and skills were passed down to their offspring, who would be raised as productive members in their collectivist society with a strong cultural heritage and confidence in their identity that promised self-efficacy among the sexes. This leads us to the most important role that both genders shared: instruction and education. Again, setting aside our own view of education, both men and women served as ‘teachers’, or storytellers; orally... ...ircle and there's nothing you can do about it† (Alexie 163). The reused books, the recycled mentality-it is all a harsh cycle that most Native Americans at present feel â€Å"there’s nothing you can do about it.† Taking a retrospective look into the differences in females and males, we find that women have proven to be leaders, both before and after assimilation. But even at present, Native American women are the high-profiled victims of physical and sexual abuse, addiction, and pregnancies. Yet, they fuel their hope and future through education: adopting the Western view and reconnecting with their own cultural foundation. Men, also in the frame of Alexie, struggle among the disparaging HUD homes, the painfully accessible bottle, and failure, but if there is a word that will conclude the rise, the fall, and the climbing of the Native Americans, resiliency is the word.

Ethic Leaders

Include a live link to your source so that we may visit the site. http://pressroom. target. com/leadership/gregg-w-steinhafel Identify the leader and the company or organization. Mr. Gregg W. Steinhafel serves as the Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President of Target Brands, Inc. Mr. Steinhafel has been the Chairman of Target Corp. since February 1, 2009 and its Chief Executive Officer since May 01, 2008 and President since August 1999. Mr. Steinhafel has gained meaningful leadership experience and retail knowledge.Target Corporation, originally the Dayton Dry Goods Company and later the Dayton Hudson Corporation, is an American retailing company, founded in 1902 and headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is the second-largest discount retailer in the United States, behind Wal-Mart. The company is ranked at number 38 on the Fortune 500 as of 2012 and is a component of the Standard & Poor's 500 index. Its bull’s-eye trademark is licensed to Wesfarmers, owners of the separate Target Australia chain which is unrelated to Target Corporation. Provide a brief overview of the company's core business.Target set high standards for—where you shop. They aim to be a place where guests and team members will always find more than they expect. Their mission and values set the stage, and day-to-day innovation, teamwork and community partnerships reflect who they are. Their mission is to make Target your preferred shopping destination in all channels by delivering outstanding value, continuous innovation and exceptional guest experiences by consistently fulfilling their Expect More. Pay Less.  ® brand promise. Describe the position of this person and his or her overall duties and responsibilities.As Chief Executive Officer, he is responsible for determining the strategy and clearly articulating priorities as well as aligning and motivating to execute strategy and clearly articulating priorities as well as aligning and motivating to execute effectivel y and ensure continued success. As president, Steinhafel had companywide responsibility for merchandising, stores, global sourcing, product design and development, presentation, supply chain and Target. com. Identify how and why this person demonstrates a strong sense of business ethics and organizational values. What has this person accomplished? Steinhafel has een instrumental in developing and promoting Target’s unique corporate culture, in which 365,000 talented and diverse team members collaborate and innovate to make Target a fun and convenient shopping experience, providing access to highly differentiated products at affordable prices and sustaining the company’s legacy of giving and service. Since 1946, the corporation has given 5 percent of its income to non-profit organizations that support the communities where Target does business. Today, that giving equals more than $4 million a week. He also believes that donating time, talent and resources is equally imp ortant as the income they give.Target gives hundreds of thousands of hours volunteering in their communities every year. Target helps build safe, strong and healthy communities to all their guest and works closely with partners and organizations. They support educational programs, provide basic needs to families in crisis, and practice sustainability throughout their business—and that’s just the beginning. Throughout the year, Target provide education grants to local K-12 schools to support educational field trips, early childhood reading programs and participation in the arts.Target donated millions of books to kids and their school libraries through Target Books for Schools Awards and their Target School Library Makeover program. Steinhafel is a member of the Business Roundtable, Business Council and the Minnesota Business Partnership. In 2010, he was appointed to the Council for the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture. In 2012, Steinh afel began a two-year term as chairman of the board for the Retail Industry Leaders Association (RILA). That is why I have chosen Greg Steinhafel for this discussion assignment. Explain why you selected this person.I have chosen Gregg Steinhafel because he exemplifies great leadership skills and good corporate culture. He is one of those leaders who never use the word â€Å"I† when referring to his company. Steinhafel takes his place out in front of several hundred thousand Target team members, insisting that â€Å"we†Ã¢â‚¬â€œmeaning the discount retailer’s top brass–â€Å"are the coaching staff that help design the playbook, but implement it at the same time. † He believes in team work and helps support his employees. I have always admired leaders who doesn’t take all the credit and realize it’s the company as a whole that makes it grow.What can you learn from this person? What would help you to create a better ethical environment in your place of work or in your future career? Gregg Steinhafel can be a great mentor because I can learn to be a reliable leader/person that helps supports the community, value employees and know not to take recognition by myself but to share it with the company. I know I can help build an ethical environment by being a good example towards others. I can make sure I establish strong ethic values by building trust and complying by the standards.

The Effects of World War Ii on Northern & Southern Ireland; 1939-1945

The effects of World War II on Northern & Southern Ireland; 1939-1945 Daniel McCarthy (Visiting Student) Student Identification Number: 08102474 The Two Ireland’s in the 20th Century 0809-HI 208. E John Cunningham Word Count: 2,990 13 March 2009 Daniel McCarthy 1 Throughout the time period of 1939-1945, the two countries of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland found themselves in two different positions in regards to participating in World War II. Northern Ireland, which was controlled by the United Kingdom, played a vital role in helping defeat the Axis powers through its strategically located position and its manufacturing abilities. While the Republic of Ireland lead by Taoiseach Eamon de Valera vowed to remain neutral and keep its citizens out of war. While completely different in ideologies, did the two different countries share any similar experiences throughout World War II? A vast range of similar and differencing experiences occurred to these two Ireland’s collectively throughout 1935-1945. Overall, while the Republic of Ireland formally remained neutral and Northern Ireland continued to fight, both of the Ireland’s different philosophies and approaches helped garner new experiences and identities on an international stage. To understand the experiences and philosophy of the Republic of Ireland during World War II, the past must be analyzed to realize their decision for declaring neutrality. Ireland’s neutrality lineage can be dated back to 1914 when organizations such as the Irish Neutrality League promoted such nationalist slogans as, â€Å"Neither King nor Kaiser but Ireland! (Murphy 9). Prior to World War II beginning, the Republic of Ireland found itself in a less than desirable position. Ireland fought the British for independence from the years 1919-1921 in the Anglo-Irish War and subsequently again from the years 1933-1938 in the Anglo-Irish Trade War. This twenty year period left the Republic of Ireland in a state of political reconstruction and economical recession. Resulting from this, a â€Å"Guaranteed Neutrality† clause was added to the â€Å"Draft Treaty A†. Irish delegate Erskine Daniel McCarthy 2 Childers explained that an independent Ireland would, â€Å"stand alone, like the vast majority of small nations, with complete independent control of our territory, waters and forces, neutral in all wars and devoted to peaceful development† (Murphy 10). Moreover, the experiences of these amounting conflicts resulted in Ireland wanting to rebuild its own infrastructure and nation rather than become entangled in conflict, on any scale. A few philosophies existed in the Republic of Ireland supporting neutrality, in particularly de Valera leadership for remaining neutral the entirety of the war. To de Valera one of his earliest conclusions was that it would be â€Å"completely foolish† for a small nation like Ireland, to volunteer and become a belligerent country. Thus, welcoming hardships in his eyes were not necessary or needed. Alongside this, de Valera used the partition of Ireland to explain remaining neutral by offering, â€Å"we believe that no other position would be accepted by the majority of our people as long as the present position exists† and also explaining, â€Å"The continued existence of partition, that unnatural separation of six of our counties from the rest of Ireland, added in our case a further decisive reason† (Murphy 14). This nationalist feeling portrayed from Southern Ireland was that it must no longer be involved in â€Å"England’s Wars† and allow for Ireland to create their own sovereignty (Murphy 9). These experiences prior to World War II offer a brief synopsis as to why de Valera continued to remain out of the war: to protect Ireland’s best interest. This ideology of self preservation and neutrality would be the driving force behind Ireland’s experiences throughout World War II. While de Valera and Fianna Fail Daniel McCarthy 3 ontinued on its path of neutrality, Northern Ireland would in time experience a different emergence onto the national stage of politics. The story of Northern Ireland and World War II reveals quite a different experience in comparison to the Republic of Ireland. At the beginning of the war, Northern Ireland experienced little preparation or sense of concern in being drawn into the violence of World War II. On one account a Belfast diarist desc ribed her native city as, â€Å"probably the pleasantest place in Europe. We are unbombed, we have no conscription, there is plenty to eat and life is reasonably normal. † (Barton 48). Mainly, this lack of preparedness and sense of urgency was blamed on Northern Ireland’s Prime Minister Lord Craigavon. Craigavon, was criticized by many as too old and ineffective of a leader to prepare for what many predicted as a very turbulent future for Northern Ireland (Farrell 154). However, Northern Ireland was not initially included in plans from Westminster legislation because they decided that Northern Ireland had no military significance to the allies’ forces. Northern Ireland in the upcoming years would experience a shift from having little importance in World War II into that of a crucial manufacturing city that also supplied Britain with a labor force and acted as a strategically located base (Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland). Within the first seven months of 1939, Northern Ireland would begin to transform into a country ready for war. Belfast was quickly noted as not being adequately utilized; with a large number of the population unemployed and its valuable location, measures were quickly put into action to use Northern Ireland’s location. First, Westminster Daniel McCarthy 4 legislation would grant government contracts worth more than ? 6m for equipment which included bedding, battledress, and electrical wiring (Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland). While these new initiatives were meant to help the Allied forces, it also helped to a degree curb down Northern Ireland’s unemployment rate. In 1938, the number of unemployed in Northern Ireland was a staggering 91,000. However, with the unemployed working in the shipyards and other various jobs this number eventually curbed down to 77,000 by 1940 (Farrell 161). Furthermore, Northern Ireland would begin to see other changes occurring through its country at the beginning of World War II. The rationing of food followed by the introduction of an identity card system, restrictions on travel, the censorship of mail and telephone calls, governmental controls on the press, the imprisonment of male enemy aliens, the formation of a local home guard and Auxiliary Territorial Services were introduced to Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland over night was quickly transforming into a society to contribute to the war. Due to these escalations and output from Northern Ireland, it soon became a point of interest to the Axis powers and its role in aiding the Allied forces (Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland). As illustrated before, a discussion was made which showed the reasons as to why the Republic of Ireland remained neutral throughout the entirety of the war. However, how neutral was Ireland’s experience throughout World War II? The Republic of Ireland and de Valera were formally considered to be neutral but they did assist Northern Ireland and the Allies on numerous occasions. Whether sending meteorology reports to help assist coordination of the invasion of Normandy or sending aid and fire trucks to Belfast Daniel McCarthy 5 after heavy German air raids, these covert operations clearly assisted the Allies (Girvin 25). But, de Valera and Ireland did experience and receive negative feedback throughout the war. De Valera did censor Holocaust images from Ireland and also ceased news radio shows only limiting war reporting’s to brief paragraphs in the paper. Furthermore, German and Japanese embassies remained functioning in Dublin during de Valera’s reign. But then again, Ireland was supposed to be an impartial and neutral country. Once, an American historian for the New York Times stated that de Valera’s nation had, â€Å"missed out somehow on the greatest moral issue of modern history† (Murphy 13). How can the Republic of Ireland’s experience in remaining neutral be summarized throughout World War II? Fianna Fail and de Valera believed that by staying neutral it would preserve Irish sovereignty and indeed save Irish lives. Winston Churchill even made vague promises of reuniting Northern and Southern Ireland at the United Kingdom’s most vulnerable time to de Valera if Ireland joined the Allied forces effort. In a telegram Churchill stated, â€Å"Now is your chance. Now or Never, a Nation once again. Am ready to meet you at any time. † (Farrell 172). De Valera declined Churchill’s offer, knowing that in desperate time’s promises aren’t necessarily kept. But how did all of this affect the Republic of Ireland? Ireland’s experience throughout World War II was neutral but they did indirectly aid the allies’ troops through employment, covert operations, and thousands of Irish volunteering as Allied soldiers. Perhaps, through this experience, de Valera and Ireland contributed more to World War II and the United Kingdom through formal neutrality and covert operations as opposed to having the Daniel McCarthy 6 majority of Ireland, who disapproved of entering the war, being a negative belligerent presence (Murphy 15). While Ireland remained neutral; Northern Ireland continued to build its military presence and differed in many experiences that Ireland didn’t endure. After Germany took over France in June 1940, Northern Ireland became the most important bridgehead for protecting Atlantic shipping lanes (Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland). Northern Ireland became increasingly paranoid that Germany was planning for an invasion. Similarly, de Valera was worried at the beginning of the war of a United Kingdom invasion or even a German one or most importantly being drawn into the war by the United Kingdom. But his fears of being drawn into war were subsided when in 1938 the British government returned key ports to Ireland in part of the Anglo-Irish Agreements. But, in Northern Ireland these fears would act as a catalyst for the nation which instructed/designed evacuation routes, ordering blackouts, and the creation of bomb-shelters. By the early 1940’s Belfast in Northern Ireland was considered a large military stronghold with over 100,000 British troops by April 1940’s (Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland). This affected not only the economy but the demeanor of Northern Ireland. People of Northern Ireland feared and opposed conscription but the Westminster government understood that already strong resentment from Catholics and even Protestants was not worth the conscription trouble. Additionally, Catholics and Protestant hostility still existed and IRA members still sporadically bombed London but sectarianism did decrease (not by much) among these two Northern Ireland groups (Barton 52). Daniel McCarthy 7 When comparing the two Ireland’s and their experiences throughout World War II, there is a stark difference between the two and the physical damages incurred. Throughout April and May of 1941, Germany began air raids specifically targeting Belfast docks and factories. The casualties and expenses were immensely damaging to Northern Ireland. From these raids an estimated 900-1,100 died, 56,000 houses were badly damaged, 3,200 totally destroyed, and roughly 100,000 people were left homeless (Barton 50). In comparison to the Republic of Ireland, which â€Å"mistakenly† was bombed May 30, 1941 on Dublin’s north side by Germans only endured 41 causalities and seventy houses were damaged (Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland). Here, we can see a clear difference between Northern and Southern Ireland. Northern Ireland quickly rose as an important military base while Southern Ireland remained neutral and relatively untouched. How would these events affect the two countries in the long term? One of largest shared experiences between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland throughout World War II would be the matter of emigration and contributing to Britain’s war-time effort. The Republic of Ireland, as much as they wouldn’t like to admit it, relied heavily upon the United Kingdom’s economy. This was clearly illustrated through the Anglo-Irish Trade Wars, which crippled the Irish economy when the Irish decided to ban British imports and in turn the British retaliated by heavily taxing all Irish imports. 90% of Ireland’s exports were to Britain and British consumers ceased purchasing these goods which devastated Ireland’s economy (Connolly 119). It can not be denied that the success of the Republic of Ireland’s economy was linked to the Daniel McCarthy 8 strength of the United Kingdom economy. By 1939, thousands of Irish migrated back to Ireland in fear of being drafted into the British army through conscription acts. However, in 1940 Lord Beveridge from the British Manpower Commissioner realized that over 8. 5 million peoples were needed to work in the munitions factories (Connolly 123). Britain realized the need for Irish labor and the Irish understood that their economy was only as strong as the United Kingdom’s. Westminster permitted the temporary citizenship, labeled, â€Å"conditionally landed† which exempted Irish from conscription for two years while working overseas (Connolly 125). The Republic of Ireland mainly helped facilitate and â€Å"encourage† the emigration of Irish to Britain while the United Kingdom forced an economical conscription upon Northern Ireland. Official statements revealed from the Republic of Ireland, It seems a reasonable view that if they cannot secure normal employment here during the present emergency conditions, which will probably grow worse, the Department should not refuse them the facilities and assistance when they seek to earn their livelihood elsewhere. Girvin 26) Here, the Republic of Ireland realized that during these economically difficult times that both Ireland’s were facing it was better to have Irish work in Britain rather than be unemployed in Ireland. Britain mandated this â€Å"economic conscription† which gave little options for many Northern Ireland citizens. However, the main consequence was that by 1945 the number of unemployed dropped to 16,000 (Farrell 160). Many reasoned that â€Å"economi c conscription† was a better means to an end in comparison to being drafted to fight. Daniel McCarthy 9 Mainly, both the North and South experienced a large migration of its population over to Great Britain. Between the years 1939-1946, net emigration was estimated to be around 189,942 which was a 13. 9% increase of emigration from Ireland from the prior decade. Many feared that this massive migration to Britain would lead to Irishmen and women to adopting British socialist values and abandoning Christianity. Between the years 1941-1945, wages in Britain increased 20% which was a main driving force behind these massive numbers of immigration (Connolly 126). But what did these two Ireland’s experience? They witnessed a higher income for citizens as allotments were sent back to Ireland to rejuvenate the economy and bring down the unemployment rates. Overall, the economy became stronger and Ireland contributed (indirectly) to the Allied forces eventual victory. Overall, what can be said about the two Ireland’s experience throughout World War II? First, let us observe and summarize the Republic of Ireland. Right from the beginning, de Valera and his people opposed war for many reasons. Decades of fighting with the British along with a reconstructing economy coupled as major deterrents for joining the war. The Republic of Ireland would be one of twenty nations that declared neutrality at the beginning of the war and be one of the five that remained true to their declaration. But what were the benefits and disadvantages that came along with neutrality? For one, Ireland didn’t sustain a large population loss after World War II ceased. Unlike other countries that lost thousands or millions of troops, Ireland’s causalities were nominal in comparison. Furthermore, Ireland experienced a feeling of relative safety from stronger powers amongst the world. But what are some of the Daniel McCarthy 10 disadvantages that the Republic of Ireland experienced? Along with de Valera and his orders of censorship, many Irish were left clueless as to the Holocaust happenings and the surroundings around them. Furthermore, the Republic of Ireland faced constant suspicion and hostility from Allied nations, in particularly the United Kingdom. Churchill once announced shortly after Allied victory, â€Å"†¦if it had not been for the loyalty and friendship of Northern Ireland, we should have been forced to come to close quarters with Mr. e Valera, or perish from the Earth† (Ireland during the Second World War). However, these types of verbal assaults were expected and de Valera did rebuttal. As for the Northern Ireland experience from World War II a much different picture can be painted. Northern Ireland seemed to have gotten swept up into the madness of the war. Belfast, one of the most important bases for the Allied forces took on responsi bilities that it never had before. For the main part, many Irish resented Northern Ireland’s participation in the war, particularly Catholics. But, a rapid decline in unemployment helped Northern Ireland experience better economical times. In comparison to the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland experienced more as an outcome of the war. It was actively participating in the war and even helped guide Northern Ireland into it’s most prosperous times with relations to the United Kingdom during the 1950’s and 1960’s (Farrell 152). All in all, Northern Ireland proved capable and useful to the victory of the Allied forces in World War II. In conclusion, who faired better with their approach to World War II. The Republic of Ireland, while neutral, was able to maintain a stable government and did witness improvements in their economy. On top of this, it sustained minimal causalities Daniel McCarthy 11 and also was able to reap many of the benefits that came along with the Allied victories. Had the Republic of Ireland been included into the war than it is for certain that German invasion would of occurred due to a weak military presence and lack of organization. Northern Ireland, while its experiences were vastly different to that of the South’s it had to rebuild and continue serving under the United Kingdom. Overall, both Ireland’s witnessed and endured hardness but ultimately the Republic of Ireland and their stance on neutrality won in the long run when comparing the two Ireland’s. Daniel McCarthy 12 Works Cited Farrell, Michael. Northern Ireland: the Orange State. Pluto P, 1973. Ireland During the Second World War. 10 Mar. 2009 . Murphy, John A. , Brian Girvin, Brian Barton, and Tracey Connolly. Ireland & The Second World War Politics, Society, and Remembrance. Ed. Brian Girvin and Geoffrey Roberts. Dublin: Four Courts, 2000. Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland. Ed. NIMC Second World War. 11 Mar. 2009 .